Overview of Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. is a perennial grass species that belongs to the Poaceae family, which includes over 12,000 species of grasses and bamboos. Commonly known as manila grass, Korean grass, or velvet grass, Zoysia matrella is an ornamental turfgrass that finds extensive use in landscaping and horticulture. Due to its ability to withstand heavy foot traffic and drought conditions, it is also popularly used in golf courses and sports fields.
Origin and Distribution
Zoysia matrella is a warm-season grass native to Southeast Asia, specifically the coastal areas of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. The plant thrives in tropical and subtropical regions and is commonly found in coastal areas with high humidity and light soils. In the present day, it has been introduced in many other countries like Australia, New Zealand, the USA, and South Africa, where it is widely cultivated and used as an ornamental grass for landscaping.
Appearance
Zoysia matrella is a slow-growing grass species that forms a dense and fine-textured turf, with a bluish-green color. The leaves are lance-shaped, narrow, and pointed at the ends, with a glossy and soft texture reminiscent of velvet and can grow up to 1-3 cm in length. It forms a low growth habit with a height between 5 and 15 cm and spreads through stolons that root at the nodes. Zoysia matrella is a warm-season grass that remains green during hot and humid weather, while it can turn yellowish brown during cold and dry conditions.
Uses
Zoysia matrella has several uses and is primarily cultivated as an ornamental grass for landscaping in gardens, parks, and sports fields. It is known for its durability and can withstand heavy foot traffic, heat, and drought better than most other turfgrasses. Due to its fine texture and dark green color, it is also favored for its aesthetics and is often used for decorative purposes. Additionally, Zoysia matrella is used for soil conservation and erosion control owing to its ability to hold soil in place. It is also easy to maintain, as it requires less water, fertilizer, and mowing than other turfgrass varieties.
Growth conditions of Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
Zoysia matrella is a warm-season grass that is native to Southeast Asia. It is commonly referred to as Manila grass or Korean velvet grass. The following are the typical growth conditions required for the healthy growth of Zoysia matrella:
Light
Zoysia matrella requires at least 6 hours of direct sunlight to grow healthy. It can tolerate partial shade, but full shade inhibits its growth. Excessive shade results in reduced shoot and leaf growth rate. Therefore, it is recommended to plant the grass in areas with full sunlight exposure for maximum growth.
Temperature
Zoysia matrella requires warm temperatures to grow properly. It thrives in temperatures ranging from 24 to 32 degrees Celsius. The grass can tolerate temperatures as low as 10 degrees Celsius, but its growth rate reduces significantly. Therefore, the grass is best suited for regions that have tropical and sub-tropical climates.
Soil Requirements
Zoysia matrella grows well in well-drained soils that are slightly acidic. The soil should have a pH range of between 5.5 and 6.5. The grass can tolerate mildly saline soils, but it cannot withstand waterlogged and heavy clay soils. It is recommended to prepare the soil before planting by incorporating organic matter to enhance soil structure and nutrient levels.
Cultivation Methods
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. is a warm-season grass that is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is usually propagated by seeds or vegetative means such as sod or plugs. The soil should have good drainage and be well aerated to encourage healthy root development. Zoysia matrella prefers full sunlight and can tolerate light to medium shade.
Watering Needs
Zoysia matrella requires deep and infrequent watering. Typically, it needs around 1 inch of water per week, either from rain or irrigation. However, it is important to avoid overwatering as it can cause root rot and other diseases. It is best to water early in the morning to allow the grass to dry off during the day and avoid fungal growth.
Fertilization
Zoysia matrella requires regular fertilization to maintain healthy growth and color. A balanced fertilizer with a 3-1-2 or 4-1-2 nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio is suitable for Zoysia matrella. Fertilizer should be applied during the growing season, typically in the spring and summer months. The amount of fertilizer required will depend on the quality of the soil and the region.
Pruning
Zoysia matrella has a slow growth rate, and pruning may not be necessary. However, if pruning is required, it should be done during the growing season. The grass can be mowed to a height of 1 to 2 inches above the ground using a sharp, clean blade. It is important not to remove more than 1/3 of the grass height at a time as it can weaken the plant. Pruning can help to promote denser growth and a more attractive appearance.
Propagation of Zoysia matrella
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. is a warm-season turf grass commonly known as Manila grass or Korean velvet grass. It is a popular choice for lawns, golf courses, and sports fields due to its dense, fine-textured, and low-maintenance nature. Propagation of Zoysia matrella can be done through several methods:
Seeding
Seeding is the least expensive method of propagating Zoysia matrella. It involves sowing the grass seeds on a well-prepared seedbed. The ideal time to sow Zoysia matrella seeds is during late spring to early summer when the soil temperature is around 70-80 °F. To ensure even distribution of seeds, it is recommended to use a seed drill or a broadcast spreader. The soil should be kept moist during the germination period, which can take up to three weeks. It may take several months for the grass to establish fully.
Sprigging
Sprigging is a method of vegetative propagation that involves planting small stems or runners of Zoysia matrella into the soil. This method is commonly used for large areas, such as golf courses or sports fields. The best time for sprigging is during the growing season when the grass is actively growing, which is around late spring to summer. The sprigs should be planted 6-12 inches apart to allow enough space for the roots to develop. It may take up to six weeks for the grass to establish fully.
Sodding
Sodding is the most expensive but quickest method of propagating Zoysia matrella. It involves planting the grass in pre-grown squares of soil held together by roots. Sodding provides an instant lawn that is suitable for high-traffic areas. The ideal time for sodding is during early summer when the grass is actively growing. The soil should be prepared by removing any debris and leveling it. The sod should be planted immediately after delivery and watered thoroughly to promote root growth.
Disease Management for Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. plants can be attacked by a variety of diseases that can affect their overall health and kill them if left untreated. Here are some of the most common diseases and their management:
Large Patch Disease
Large patch disease is a fungal disease that affects Zoysia matrella grass during the fall and spring seasons. The fungus causes large, discolored patches in the grass that can spread quickly if left untreated. The disease can be managed by applying fungicides to the infected area. However, it is recommended to avoid the disease by not over-fertilizing, irrigating the lawn early in the morning, and promoting good air circulation within the plant.
Rust Disease
Rust disease is a fungal disease that causes the plant's leaves to turn yellow or orange. This disease can be managed by improving drainage in the soil, proper irrigation, and nutrient management. Fungicides can also be used to control the disease.
Leaf Spot Disease
Leaf spot disease is a fungal disease that causes small, circular spots on the plant's leaves. The spots can merge and cause the leaves to yellow or brown, leading to plant death. The disease can be controlled by proper fertilization, irrigation, and using disease-resistant cultivars. Fungicides can also be used to manage the disease.
Pest Management for Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. plants can also be attacked by pests that can cause damage to the plant's roots, leaves, and stems. Here are some common pests and their management:
Armyworms
Armyworms are the most common pests that attack Zoysia matrella plants. These caterpillars can cause significant damage to the plant by feeding on the leaves and stems. The infestation can be managed by using insecticides, proper irrigation, and nutrient management. It is essential to identify the infestation early to prevent further damage to the plant.
Sod Webworms
Sod webworms are another common pest that attacks Zoysia matrella plants. These caterpillars damage the plant by feeding on the plant's leaves. The infestation can be managed by using insecticides, proper irrigation, and nutrient management. It is recommended to mow the lawn to a shorter length to expose the caterpillars to natural predators such as birds.
Mole Crickets
Mole crickets are pests that feed on the plant's roots, causing damage to the plant's overall health. The infestation can be managed by using insecticides, proper irrigation, and nutrient management. Using nematodes as a natural predator can also be effective in controlling the infestation.
By managing diseases and pests, Zoysia matrella plants can grow healthy and lush, adding beauty to the landscape.
