Overview:
Wedelia spenceriana (Muschl.) Isawumi is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae. It is native to West Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Cameroon.
Common Names:
The plant is commonly known as "Awoyo" in Nigeria and "Afulenu" in Cameroon.
Appearance:
The Wedelia spenceriana plant has a prostrate or semi-erect growth habit, reaching up to about 30 cm in height. Its stems are succulent, cylindrical, and hairy. The leaves are opposite, and have oval to lanceolate shape, measuring 1.5-3 cm in length, and 0.5-1.2 cm in width. The plant produces yellow daisy-like flowers, measuring about 2 cm in diameter, which are arranged in clusters at the tip of the stems. The flowers have a tubular shape with five petals and a yellow disc in the center. The fruit is an achene, measuring about 3 mm in length, with small hairs on its surface.
Uses:
Wedelia spenceriana is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including respiratory infections, fever, and skin diseases. In Nigeria, the plant is also used as a vegetable. Wedelia spenceriana is known to possess several bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which provide its medicinal properties. Additionally, the plant is known to have potential for use in the treatment of malaria.
Light Requirements
Wedelia spenceriana can grow in both full shade and full sun conditions. However, partial shade is recommended for optimal growth. When exposed to full sun, the plant may experience leaf scorching, while excess shade may reduce its flowering capacity.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for Wedelia spenceriana growth is between 20°C and 35°C. It can, however, tolerate temperatures as low as 5°C and as high as 45°C. Temperatures below 5°C may cause the plant to die, while temperatures above 45°C may cause its leaves to dry out.
Soil Requirements
Wedelia spenceriana can tolerate different soil types, including sandy loam, clayey loam, and laterite. However, well-drained soils are recommended for optimal growth. The soil pH range should be between 4.5 and 8.0. In areas with poorly drained soils, raised beds can be used to improve drainage.
Cultivation Methods
The Wedelia spenceriana (Muschl.) Isawumi plant can be propagated through stem cuttings or seeds. If you're using stem cuttings, ensure that you plant them in loose, well-draining soil and saturate the soil well. Seed propagation involves sowing carefully in a sterile seed-starting mix. This plant thrives in areas with partial shade, and thus it's important to choose a spot with such conditions while planting it. Planting during the warm season is recommended for this plant, as it requires optimal warmth to thrive.
Watering Needs
Wedelia spenceriana (Muschl.) Isawumi requires moderate water during its growing period. It's essential to avoid either over watering or under watering the plant, as this can lead to root rot or wilting, respectively. The soil should be allowed to dry before watering, and you can determine this by inserting a finger to a depth of about an inch in the soil. If the soil feels moist, then no watering is needed, but if it feels dry, it's advisable to water the plant. Over watering can be avoided by ensuring the soil has good drainage capacity.
Fertilization
To promote Wedelia spenceriana (Muschl.) Isawumi growth and development, it's important to fertilize the plant regularly. This should be done once every two to three months using a balanced, slow-release fertilizer. The fertilizer should be applied at the plant's base, ensuring that it's not in contact with the foliage or stems. It's also advisable to use organic fertilizers, such as fish emulsion or compost, as this help to enrich the soil and promote plant health.
Pruning
Pruning is an essential aspect of caring for Wedelia spenceriana (Muschl.) Isawumi. Regular pruning helps to shape the plant, promote growth, and prevent overcrowding. This can be done by cutting back the branches and stems that are overgrown or diseased. Additionally, it's important to remove all the flowers and debris that fall off the plant. This helps to prevent the accumulation of debris around the plant, which can harbor insects and diseases. Pruning should be done at least once a year, preferably in the early spring or late winter.
Propagation of Wedelia spenceriana (Muschl.) Isawumi
Wedelia spenceriana (Muschl.) Isawumi is best propagated by stem cuttings. This method is relatively easy and produces quick results. To ensure successful propagation, follow the simple steps outlined below:
Stem Cutting Propagation
Begin by selecting healthy branches from the parent plant. Cut a branch that is 10-15 cm long to be used as a cutting. Ensure that the cutting has several leaves and a set of nodes on the stem.
Remove the leaves from the lower half of the stem, leaving only a few leaves on the top half. Dip the cut end into rooting hormone powder to encourage root development.
Insert the cutting into a pot filled with a well-draining soil mixture. Keep the soil moist and place the pot in an area with bright, indirect sunlight. Cover the pot with a clear plastic bag or use a misting system to increase humidity around the cutting.
After two to three weeks, the cutting should have developed roots. Transplant it into a larger pot or directly into the garden soil. Maintain consistent watering until the plant becomes established, usually 4-6 weeks.
Wedelia spenceriana (Muschl.) Isawumi can also be propagated via seed, but it is a longer and more challenging process. The seeds need to be sown in a seed-starting mix and kept consistently moist in a warm and bright location. The seedlings will take 2-3 months before they can be transplanted.
Disease and Pest Management for Wedelia Spenceriana
Wedelia spenceriana is a hardy plant that is relatively resistant to diseases and pests, but it can still be affected by certain issues. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect Wedelia spenceriana and ways to manage them:
Fungal diseases
Fungal diseases that might affect Wedelia spenceriana include powdery mildew, leaf spot, and stem rot. These diseases are typically caused by moisture and poor air circulation. To manage fungal diseases, avoid overhead watering and keep the foliage dry. Improve air circulation by planting Wedelia spenceriana in an area with good airflow or by pruning back nearby plants. Remove and destroy infected foliage to prevent the spread of the disease.
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial diseases can also affect Wedelia spenceriana, including bacterial leaf spot and bacterial wilt. These diseases are typically spread through water splash and infected soil. To manage bacterial diseases, avoid overhead watering and plant in well-draining soil. Remove and destroy infected foliage and avoid planting in areas where infected plants were growing previously.
Insect pests
Insect pests that might affect Wedelia spenceriana include aphids, mealybugs, and spider mites. These pests can weaken the plant and cause stunted growth. To manage insect pests, use insecticidal soap or neem oil. Spray the affected foliage and stems, making sure to cover all surfaces. Repeat the application every two weeks to manage the pests effectively.
Nematodes
Nematodes can attack the roots of Wedelia spenceriana, causing stunted growth and yellowing foliage. To manage nematodes, plant in nematode-free soil or treat infected soil with a high-quality nematocide. Avoid overwatering, which can create favourable conditions for nematode growth.
By implementing the above control measures, one can effectively manage diseases and pests that might affect Wedelia spenceriana and promote a healthy and vigorous plant.
