Overview of Viscum matabelense Engl.
Viscum matabelense Engl. is a plant species of the Santalaceae family, native to the tropical regions of East Africa. It is commonly known as the Matabel mistletoe, African mistletoe, or dikelo in South Africa.
General Appearance
The plant is semi-parasitic, with green leaves that are slightly succulent, and can grow up to 30 cm tall. The branches are slender, elongated, and woody, forming bushy shrubs that depend on their hosts for nutrients. Its creamy-white flowers appear in late winter or early spring, and the fruit is a round, white berry that matures in summer.
Uses in Traditional Medicine
Viscum matabelense Engl. has a unique range of medicinal properties and has been widely used in traditional medicine. In African folk medicine, the plant parts are used to treat a wide range of ailments that include hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, epilepsy, and cancer.
The leaves of Viscum matabelense Engl. are used to prepare a strong infusion that is taken orally to alleviate high blood pressure. The leaves have also been traditionally used in the management of diabetes.
The roots and leaves of the plant are boiled and used as a bath infusion to treat arthritis. The root and stem bark infusion are used as a natural remedy for epilepsy. It has also been used as a natural cancer treatment in various parts of Africa, where it is thought to have immune-boosting and cytotoxic effects.
Cultivation
Viscum matabelense Engl. can be grown from seeds, which should be soaked overnight before planting. The plant prefers well-drained, sandy soil and light shade, and prefers temperatures between 15-26 °C. The mistletoe grows best on other trees, such as Acacia, Combretum, and Terminalia.
The plant has a slow growth rate, and it can take up to two years before it reaches maturity. Once established, the plant requires little maintenance apart from regular trimming to control its growth.
Viscum matabelense Engl. is an important plant species valued for its medicinal uses in African traditional medicine and its ornamental value, making it a fascinating plant to grow in the garden.
Light Requirements
Viscum matabelense Eng. thrives in partial to full shade, indicating that it does not require direct sunlight. It is recommended to provide the plant with some dappled shade when it is grown in hotter environments to shield it from the scorching heat.
Temperature Requirements
The plant can be cultivated in warmer or colder regions as long as the temperature remains stable and consistent. The majority of this type of species can withstand a temperature range of 20°C to 30°C, with a minimum temperature of 12°C and a maximum temperature of 35°C for a limited period.
Soil Requirements
Soil is an essential component in the growth process of Viscum matabelense Eng. The plant thrives best in well-draining soils with enough nutrients for healthy growth. A good soil mix for this plant should comprise a blend of organic and inorganic materials, including sand, perlite, and peat moss. A pH balance of between 6.0 and 7.5 is perfect for this species.
Cultivation Methods
Viscum matabelense Engl. is a small shrub commonly found in rocky and mountainous areas of southern Africa. It prefers well-draining soils and needs an ample amount of sunlight to thrive. The plant can be propagated through stem cutting or seeds. Cuttings should be taken from mature plants, preferably in spring or early summer. The soil should be kept moist until the cutting develops roots, which usually takes about four to six weeks. Seeds should be sown in well-draining soil and kept moist until germination, which takes about two to three weeks.
Watering Needs
The watering needs of Viscum matabelense Engl. are moderate. The plant should be watered regularly but not excessively. Overwatering can lead to root rot, which can be fatal for the plant. It is advisable to water the plant early in the morning or late in the evening when the sun is not too hot. This helps to reduce water loss through evaporation. During the winter months, the plant should be watered less frequently as it enters a dormant phase.
Fertilization
Viscum matabelense Engl. does not have high fertilizer requirements. The plant can be fertilized once or twice a year with a balanced fertilizer. It is advisable to fertilize the plant in spring and autumn. Follow the instructions on the fertilizer packaging carefully to avoid over-fertilization, which can damage the plant. Alternatively, organic fertilizers such as compost and bone meal can be used to feed the plant.
Pruning
Pruning Viscum matabelense Engl. is not necessary, but it can help to shape the plant and promote new growth. Pruning should be done during the dormant season, preferably in late winter or early spring. Use sharp, sterile pruning shears to avoid damaging the plant. Cut back any dead, diseased, or damaged branches. Also, remove any weak or spindly growth to encourage the plant to produce new, stronger growth. When pruning, avoid cutting back more than one-third of the plant to avoid stressing it excessively.
Propagation of Viscum matabelense Engl.
There are several methods of propagating Viscum matabelense Engl., including:
Seed Propagation
Seed propagation is one of the commonly used methods to propagate Viscum matabelense Engl. This method involves sowing the seeds in a well-draining compost mixture that contains sand, peat, and perlite. The seeds should be sown shallowly, and the compost mix should be kept moist. Germination can take several weeks to a few months, and the seedlings should be kept in a warm, bright location away from direct sunlight.
Cuttings Propagation
Viscum matabelense Engl. can also be propagated using stem cuttings. To do this, take 6-8 inch long cuttings from the plant's softwood in the spring, when the plant is actively growing. The cuttings can be dipped in a rooting hormone and planted in a well-draining potting mixture. Keep the potting mixture moist, and place the cuttings in a warm, bright location away from direct sunlight. The cuttings can root within 4-6 weeks.
Division Propagation
Division propagation is the process of separating the parent plants into several smaller sections. To do this, take the young plant out of its container and gently divide the roots and stems into the desired sections. Each section should have several roots and stems. Replant the divided sections in well-draining, moist soil, and keep them in a warm and bright location away from direct sunlight. This method of propagation is suitable for mature Viscum matabelense Engl. plants.
Disease and Pest Management for Viscum Matabelense Engl.
Viscum matabelense Engl. is generally a low-maintenance plant. However, it can still fall prey to pests and diseases. Here are some of the common pests and diseases that can affect the plant:
Pests
1. Mealybugs - These pests can cause damage by sucking the plant sap, resulting in yellowing of leaves and stunted growth. To get rid of mealybugs, it is advisable to use neem oil or insecticidal soap. These products are easily available in the market and can be sprayed on the affected areas to control the infestation.
2. Spider Mites - Spider mites can cause tiny yellow spots on the plant's leaves, causing them to shrivel and dry up. To control spider mites, one can use a spray of water and soap, which will help in dislodging them from the plant's surface. In severe infestations, using an insecticidal spray can be helpful.
3. Scale Insects - Scale insects can cause a plant to weaken and can lead to plant death. They usually form a white or brown waxy coating on the plant's stem, making it easier to spot them. Using insecticidal sprays or neem oil is recommended to control scale insects.
Diseases
1. Powdery Mildew - This disease is characterized by a white, powdery coating on the plant's surface. It can affect the leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant. Regular pruning of the affected areas and using a fungicidal spray can help control this disease.
2. Leaf Spot - Leaf spots can cause yellow or brown spots on the plant's leaves, leading to leaf drop. To control this disease, it is advisable to remove the affected leaves and dispose of them. One can also use a fungicidal spray containing copper to control leaf spot.
3. Root Rot - Overwatering can lead to root rot, which can cause the plant to wilt and eventually die. To prevent this disease, it is advisable to allow the soil to dry out completely before watering. Also, using well-draining soil is essential to prevent waterlogging. Using a fungicidal spray can help control root rot to some extent.
In conclusion, Viscum matabelense Engl. can be a low-maintenance plant, but it is essential to keep an eye out for pests and diseases that can affect its growth. Early detection and treatment of these issues can help in maintaining the plant's health.
