Origin and Common Names
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis (Gray) Russell, commonly known as western lance-leaved violet, is native to western North America. Its distribution ranges from Alaska to California and east to Montana. The plant is also commonly referred to as the narrow-leaved yellow violet, lance-leaved yellow violet, and western yellow violet.
General Appearance
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis is a herbaceous perennial plant that grows up to 20 cm tall and 20 cm wide. The roots are fibrous and shallow, while the stems are erect and leafy. The leaves are lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate in shape, with a smooth margin and a pointed tip, reaching up to 8 cm in length and 2 cm in width. The flowers are yellow with purple veins and arise from leaf axils, each measuring 1-2 cm in diameter with five petals. The plant blooms from late spring to early summer, typically from April to June.
Uses
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis has been historically used by indigenous North American communities for various medicinal and food-related purposes. The plant extract has been traditionally used as a laxative, anti-inflammatory, and pain reliever. The leaves and flowers are also edible and can be used as a salad ingredient or as a garnish. In modern times, the plant is mainly used as an ornamental plant and is often found in gardens due to its attractive flowers.
Light Requirements
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis typically grows in full or partial sun environments. It thrives well in areas with moderate to high light intensity. While it can tolerate partially shaded areas, it tends to grow slower and may produce fewer flowers. Direct sunlight is necessary for optimal photosynthesis, which is essential for plant growth and development.
Temperature Requirements
The species is well adapted to most climatic conditions, but prefers moderate temperatures. Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis can grow in a wide range of temperatures from -34°C to 43°C. However, the optimal temperature for growth is between 20°C and 25°C. During this temperature range, the plant exhibits rapid growth and vigorous flower production. Temperatures significantly below freezing point may damage the roots and the plant generally struggles to grow.
Soil Requirements
The species is not picky about the soil types, but prefers well-drained, moist and fertile soil. It thrives best in soils with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. Soils that are too acidic or alkaline can prevent the proper absorption of nutrients, which may affect the overall growth of the plant. Adequate watering is also necessary to keep the soil moist. Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis can tolerate mild drought conditions, but watering during long dry spells will help to ensure that the plant remains healthy.
Cultivation
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis, commonly known as western lance-leaved violet, is a perennial plant that requires full or partial sunlight. It thrives well in well-drained soils that are moderately moist. The plant is tolerant to a wide range of soils, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils.
Propagation of Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis can be achieved through seeds or stem cuttings. When planting, ensure the soil is loose and not compacted. The seeds should be sowed in the spring after the last frost, while the stem cuttings should be planted at any time of the year.
Watering Needs
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis requires moderate watering. The soil should be moist but not waterlogged at all times. Overwatering can lead to root rot, while under-watering can cause the plant's leaves to wilt.
The frequency of watering should depend on the weather conditions. During the hot summer months, the plant should be watered more often to prevent it from drying up. However, during the cooler months, the plant can go for longer periods without water.
Fertilization
Applying fertilizer to Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis is recommended to promote healthy growth and development. The fertilizer should be applied at the start of the growing season, and later again, after the plant is done blooming.
A balanced fertilizer, for example, one with an N-P-K ratio of 10-10-10, is ideal for the western lance-leaved violet. The plant should be fertilized sparingly to prevent the build-up of salts, which can be detrimental to the plant's health.
Pruning
Pruning Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis is not a necessity, but it can help promote new growth and improve the plant's overall appearance. Deadheading, which is the removal of spent blooms, is essential to ensure the plant continues blooming for an extended period. Deadheading should be done regularly, and the pruning snips should be sterilized to prevent the spread of diseases.
If the plant starts to look unruly, pruning can be done in the late summer or early fall. The process involves removing the excess foliage and stems while leaving a few inches above the ground to promote regrowth in the future seasons.
Propagation of Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis (Gray) Russell
There are several methods of propagating Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis (Gray) Russell. These include:
Seed Propagation
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis (Gray) Russell can be propagated through seeds. The best time to sow seeds is during autumn. Sow the seeds thinly over prepared soil and cover lightly with soil. Keep the soil moist but not soaked. Germination usually takes place within two to three weeks. Once the seedlings are large enough to handle, transplant them to their permanent position.
Division
Another propagation method for Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis (Gray) Russell is through division. In spring or early autumn, lift and divide the plant clump into smaller sections with a sharp knife. Each section must have some roots attached to it. Replant the divided sections as soon as possible into well-draining soil. Make sure the soil is moist following transplantation for better results.
Cuttings
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis (Gray) Russell can also be propagated through cuttings. Take cuttings in spring or early summer from non-flowering stems. Cut a 5 to 10 cm long stem from the plant and remove the leaves from the lower half of it. Dip the end of the stem in rooting hormone powder and plant it in moist soil. Cover the pot with plastic wrap or place it in a plastic bag to maintain humidity. Rooting can take two to three weeks. Once the plant has rooted, transplant it to its permanent position.
Disease Management:
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis is susceptible to certain diseases, which can affect the plant's growth and affect its aesthetic appeal. The common diseases that can affect this plant include:
- Powdery Mildew: This is a fungal disease that appears as a white powdery coating on the leaves and stems of the plant. It can cause reduced growth and yield of the plant. To manage this disease, you can apply fungicides such as sulfur or neem oil to the affected parts of the plant.
- Rust: This is a fungal disease that affects the underside of the leaves, causing yellow or brownish spots. It may also cause leaf drop, which can affect the overall growth and yield of the plant. To manage rust, you can apply copper-based fungicides.
- Botrytis blight: This is a fungal disease that affects the flowers, causing them to turn brown and become mushy. To manage this disease, you should remove and destroy affected plant parts and apply a fungicide to protect healthy plant parts.
Pest Management:
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis is also prone to attack by certain pests. The common pests that can affect this plant include:
- Aphids: These are small insects that feed on the sap of the plant, causing stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and distorted flowers. To manage aphids, you can spray the plant with insecticidal soap or neem oil.
- Mites: These are tiny pests that feed on the leaves, causing discoloration and loss of vigor. To manage mites, you can apply miticides or insecticidal soap to the plant.
- Slugs and Snails: These pests can cause damage to the leaves, stems, and flowers by eating the plant tissue. To manage slugs and snails, you can use traps, baits, or barriers such as copper tape around the base of the plant.
