Origin
Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen, commonly known as Para grass, is a tropical plant native to Africa, where it is commonly found in savannas, open woodlands, and along riverbanks. It has been introduced to other parts of the world, including Asia, the Americas, and Australia, and has become naturalized in many areas.
Common Names
Para grass is known by various common names depending on the region, such as buffalo grass, Mauritius signal grass, and buffalo lawn grass.
Uses
Para grass is widely cultivated as a forage crop for livestock, especially cattle and buffalo, due to its high productivity and nutritional value. It can also be used for erosion control, as a cover crop, and as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. Additionally, Para grass has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including diarrhea, dysentery, and inflammation.
General Appearance
Para grass is a perennial grass that can grow up to 2 meters tall. It has long, narrow leaves that are green and flat, with a pointed tip and rough edges. The flowers are arranged in dense spike-like clusters that are up to 25 cm long and contain many tiny seeds. The roots of Para grass can reach up to 1 meter deep, making it a very drought-tolerant plant.
Light Requirements
Urochloa mutica requires a full sun exposure to grow to its full potential. Hence, it should be planted in an area that receives direct sunlight for at least 6 hours a day.
Temperature Requirements
The plant can grow well in areas with a warm climate. The optimum temperature for the growth of Urochloa mutica is between 25°C to 35°C. This plant can also grow well in areas with a temperature range of 20°C to 40°C. However, it cannot tolerate frost or freezing temperatures.
Soil Requirements
Urochloa mutica can grow in various types of soils but prefers well-drained soils. Sandy loam soils are best for this plant, and it grows well in soils with pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5. The plant can tolerate soils with low fertility; however, the growth rate and yield will be better in soils with moderate to high fertility. It is recommended to add organic matter to the soil before planting to improve soil quality and nutrient retention.
Cultivation of Urochloa mutica
Urochloa mutica is a warm-season grass that thrives in tropical and subtropical regions. It prefers sandy or loamy soils that are well-drained and fertile, with a pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5.
Seeds should be sown in the spring or early summer when the soil temperature is above 20°C. The planting depth should be shallow, no more than 1 cm deep, and should be covered lightly with soil.
Watering Needs of Urochloa mutica
Urochloa mutica requires regular watering, especially during the establishment period. Afterward, it can be irrigated once or twice a week, depending on the soil type and climate. The soil should be moist but not waterlogged.
Fertilization of Urochloa mutica
Urochloa mutica responds well to fertilization, particularly nitrogen. The recommended nitrogen rate is 50 to 100 kg/ha/year. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should also be applied based on soil test results and local recommendations.
Pruning of Urochloa mutica
Urochloa mutica does not require frequent pruning, but it needs to be properly managed to prevent overgrowth and maintain its vigor. It is recommended to cut the grass to a height of 10 to 20 cm after each harvest or grazing. Overgrazing should be avoided, and livestock should be rotated to prevent damage to the plants.
Propagation of Urochloa mutica
Propagation of Urochloa mutica can be done by several methods such as:
Seed propagation
Seeds can be used to propagate Urochloa mutica. The seeds should be collected from healthy plants during the peak seed season. After collection, the seeds should be sun-dried for a few days and stored in well-ventilated containers. To plant the seeds, they should be soaked in water for 24 hours before sowing and then sown in nurseries or directly in the field.
Vegetative propagation
Urochloa mutica can also be propagated vegetatively using stem cuttings or tillers. Stem cuttings are taken from healthy mature plants and rooted in nursery beds with adequate moisture and good drainages. In the case of tillers, the parent plant should be trimmed close to the ground, and the tillers should be separated and planted in a similar manner as stem cuttings.
In-vitro propagation
Urochloa mutica can also be propagated through in-vitro techniques like tissue culture, micropropagation, and somatic embryogenesis. These techniques involve the use of plant tissue samples and specialized media to stimulate plant growth in a laboratory setting. They are used to produce disease-free and genetically identical plantlets in large numbers, which can be used for further propagation.
Disease and Pest Management for Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen
Urochloa mutica, commonly known as Para grass, is a tropical plant that is widely used as a forage crop for livestock. However, like any other plant, it is susceptible to various diseases and pests that can limit its growth and productivity. In this article, we will discuss some of the common diseases and pests that affect Para grass and suggest ways to manage them.
Common diseases that affect Urochloa mutica
Anthracnose: Anthracnose is a fungal disease that can cause necrosis and defoliation of Para grass. It is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The disease spreads rapidly in warm and humid conditions. To manage this disease, remove and destroy infected plant debris, practice proper irrigation management, and apply fungicides if necessary.
Rust: Rust is a fungal disease that can cause yellow-orange pustules on the leaves of Para grass. It is caused by the fungus Puccinia spp. The disease spreads rapidly in warm and humid conditions. To manage this disease, remove and destroy infected plant debris, practice proper irrigation management, and apply fungicides if necessary.
Leaf Spot: Leaf spot is a fungal disease that can cause small, dark spots on the leaves of Para grass. It is caused by the fungus Bipolaris spp. The disease spreads rapidly in warm and humid conditions. To manage this disease, remove and destroy infected plant debris, practice proper irrigation management, and apply fungicides if necessary.
Common pests that affect Urochloa mutica
Mites: Mites are tiny insects that can cause yellowing and stunted growth of Para grass. They feed on the sap of the plant and can spread rapidly in dry conditions. To manage this pest, use miticides and practice regular irrigation to maintain moisture levels in the soil.
Armyworms: Armyworms are the larvae of moths that can cause defoliation of Para grass. They feed on the leaves of the plant and can spread rapidly in warm and humid conditions. To manage this pest, use insecticides and practice regular scouting of the fields to detect and control infestations.
Cutworms: Cutworms are the larvae of moths that can cause wilting and stunting of Para grass. They feed on the stems of the plant and can spread rapidly in cool and moist conditions. To manage this pest, use insecticides and practice regular scouting of the fields to detect and control infestations.
By following these disease and pest management practices, farmers can protect their Para grass crops and ensure maximum yields. It is always advisable to consult with local agricultural extension services for specific recommendations on disease and pest management in your area.
