Overview of Tylostemon fruticosus (Engl.) Stapf
Tylostemon fruticosus, commonly known as the meadow-grass pea or African oil bean, is a perennial plant that belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is native to tropical Africa, and it can be found growing in various habitats like the transition zone between forest and savannah, river banks, and disturbed areas.
Description of Tylostemon fruticosus
Tylostemon fruticosus is a shrub that can grow up to 3m tall. It has thin branches that are densely covered with leaves. The leaves are compound with 3-5 elliptical leaflets that are about 3-6cm long and 1.5-3cm wide. The plant produces pea-like flowers that are white or pink and are arranged in clusters at the end of the branches. The fruit is a pod that is slightly curved, 5-10cm long, and about 1-2cm in diameter. It is covered with soft bristles and contains up to 10 seeds.
Uses of Tylostemon fruticosus
The meadow-grass pea has various uses in traditional medicine and agriculture. The leaves, stems, and roots are used as a remedy for various ailments like fever, diarrhea, and dysentery. The seeds are a good source of protein and are eaten by both humans and animals. They can also be used to make oil, which is used for cooking and lighting. Additionally, the plant is used in soil conservation as it has a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria that fix nitrogen and improve soil fertility.
Cultivation of Tylostemon fruticosus
Tylostemon fruticosus can be propagated from seeds. It thrives in areas with warm temperatures and rainfall ranging between 1000-1500mm per year. The plant prefers well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter. In agriculture, the meadow-grass pea can be intercropped with other crops like maize and cassava to improve soil fertility and increase crop yields.
Light Requirements
Tylostemon fruticosus is a plant that requires full sun or partial shade to grow properly. Ideally, it should receive at least six hours of direct sunlight every day. Exposure to direct sunlight helps the plant to produce more flowers and fruits. On the other hand, insufficient light can lead to stunted growth and fewer flowers.
Temperature Requirements
The suitable temperature for Tylostemon fruticosus is between 20°C to 28°C. The plant can tolerate temperatures up to 35°C, but it may wilt and fail to produce flowers or fruits. Frost or freezing temperatures can kill the plant, so it should be protected during winter or planted in areas with a mild climate.
Soil Requirements
Tylostemon fruticosus grows well in well-draining soil with a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. It prefers fertile soils rich in organic matter but can tolerate poor soils too. The plant is adapted to a variety of soil types, including loamy, sandy, and clayey soils. However, the soil must not be waterlogged, as it can lead to root rot. Adequate soil moisture is essential for proper growth and development.
Cultivation Methods of Tylostemon Fruticosus
Tylostemon fruticosus, commonly known as African nettle tree, is native to Central Africa. It prefers a warm, humid climate and grows best in well-draining soils with a pH level of 5.5 to 6.5. The plant needs a lot of sunlight to thrive. It can be grown from seeds or cuttings.
Watering Needs of Tylostemon Fruticosus
Proper watering is essential for the growth and development of African nettle tree. During the active growth period, the plant needs regular watering to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. However, overwatering can cause root rot and harm the plant. Ensure that the soil is well-draining, and the plant receives enough water to keep the soil moist.
Fertilization
Fertilization is critical for the proper growth and development of the African nettle tree. Apply a balanced fertilizer during the growing season to provide the necessary nutrients. Avoid overfertilizing, as it can cause excessive growth and weaken the plant's structure.
Pruning
Pruning helps to promote bushier, more compact growth and maintain the plant's size and shape. African nettle tree responds well to heavy pruning and can be cut back to the ground after flowering. Remove any diseased, damaged, or dead branches. Pruning should be done during the dormant season, which is around late winter or early spring.
Propagation of Tylostemon fruticosus
There are several methods to propagate Tylostemon fruticosus, a woody ornamental plant native to Angola and Namibia. These propagating methods include:
Seed Propagation
Propagation of Tylostemon fruticosus can be achieved by collecting seeds from mature fruits. The seeds should be cleaned and sown in a well-draining soil mix, kept moist, and placed in a warm and sunny location. Germination can take several weeks to several months, depending on the quality of the seeds.
Cuttings
Another common method to propagate Tylostemon fruticosus is by stem cuttings. Softwood cuttings can be taken in spring or early summer, while hardwood cuttings can be taken in late autumn or winter. The cuttings should be treated with rooting hormone and planted into a well-draining soil mix. They should be kept moist and placed in indirect light until they root.
Air Layering
Air layering is a more advanced method of propagation that involves creating a wound in a stem and encouraging the stem to produce roots before separating it from the parent plant. This method can be used on mature plants and has a higher success rate than other methods. Once the roots have formed, the new plant can be cut and potted up in a well-draining soil mix.
Overall, Tylostemon fruticosus can be propagated through various methods, with each method having its own advantages and disadvantages. Growers can choose the method that best suits their needs and resources.
Disease and Pest Management for Tylostemon Fruticosus (Engl.) Stapf
Tylostemon fruticosus is a plant species that is relatively resistant to pest and diseases. However, here are some of the common pests and diseases that might affect the plant:
Pests
The most common pests that might affect Tylostemon fruticosus include:
- Aphids: These tiny insects suck sap from leaves damaging them and spreading viruses that can cause yellowed leaves, twisted branches, and overall malnourished plants. You can manage them by pruning and removing infested parts of the plant and using an insecticidal soap.
- Spider mites: These pests cause a web-like covering on the plant, yellow speckling on the leaves, and loss of plant vigor. You manage them by using a strong stream of water to wash them off the plant, using insecticidal soap, and removing infested leaves.
- Caterpillars: These pests can eat holes in leaves and flowers and cause overall damage to the plant. You can manage them by using physical barriers, hand-picking, and using an insecticide specific to caterpillars.
Diseases
The most common diseases that might affect Tylostemon fruticosus include:
- Leaf spot: This disease appears as brown spots on leaves and can cause them to yellow and fall off the plant. You can manage it by pruning and removing infested leaves and improving air circulation around the plant.
- Powdery mildew: This disease appears as a white, powdery substance on leaves, flowers, and stems, and can cause reduced plant vigor. You can manage it by increasing air circulation around the plant, pruning and removing infested parts, and using a fungicidal spray.
- Root rot: This disease is caused by a fungal infection that results in wilted leaves and stems, yellowing of the plant, and root damage. You can manage it by improving soil drainage, and avoiding overwatering the plant.
It’s always best to practice preventive measures such as good soil drainage, proper plant spacing, sanitation, and frequent plant inspections to spot any potential pest or disease problems early on. Additionally, if you are unsure about how to manage any pest or disease, consult a professional or your nearest horticultural extension office to get advice on how best to manage them.
