Introduction
Tylostemon anacardioides Engl. & K.Krause, commonly known as the African sandalwood, is a plant species belonging to the family of Anacardiaceae. It is native to tropical Africa, where it is widely distributed.
General Description
The African sandalwood is a small to medium-sized tree that can reach up to a height of 20-25 meters. It has a dense and spreading crown with thick branches that extend horizontally. The bark of the tree is greyish-brown, rough and scaly, and exudes a strong resinous scent when cut or wounded. The leaves are alternate, compound, and shiny green, with 6-12 pointed leaflets that are 2-5 cm long. The tree produces small white flowers in clusters that mature into small, fleshy, reddish-brown fruits that are about 1 cm in diameter.
Common Names
The African sandalwood is known by various common names in different regions. Some of the common names include:
- Lalou (Benin)
- Mangoro (Cameroon)
- Chingwe (Tanzania)
- Ngata (Kenya)
- Omoigui (Nigeria)
Uses
Tylostemon anacardioides is a valuable plant species with a wide range of medicinal, economic, and cultural uses. The bark of the tree is traditionally used in many African countries as a remedy for various ailments such as fever, cough, diarrhea, and skin infections. The resin extracted from the bark is used as incense or perfume, and also as a traditional remedy for rheumatism, bronchitis, and headaches. In addition to its medicinal value, the tree is also a source of fuelwood, charcoal, and timber. Its wood is highly regarded for its durability, strength, and resistance to termites and fungi, and is used for making furniture, carvings, utensils, and construction materials.
Light Requirements
Tylostemon anacardioides is a light-demanding plant that requires exposure to direct sunlight for at least six hours every day to ensure healthy growth. Insufficient light may cause the plant's leaves to turn yellow and drop prematurely, leading to stunted growth and reduced yields.
Temperature Requirements
The plant thrives in warm temperatures ranging between 25°C and 35°C. Temperatures below 18°C are detrimental to its growth and may lead to leaf discoloration and root rot. The plant may also fail to flower or produce fruits in temperatures below 20°C.
Soil Requirements
Like most plants, Tylostemon anacardioides grows best in well-draining soils with a pH ranging from 6.0 to 7.5. The soil should be rich in organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. It is important to ensure the soil is moist but not waterlogged, as this may cause root rot and affect the plant's overall health.
When preparing the soil for planting, it is advisable to incorporate compost or well-rotted manure to improve soil fertility. Additionally, the plant is highly sensitive to salt concentrations in the soil. Therefore, it is crucial to avoid planting it in soil that may have been previously treated with fertilizers containing high levels of salts.
Cultivation and Care of Tylostemon anacardioides Engl. & K.Krause
Tylostemon anacardioides Engl. & K.Krause, commonly known as the African Ebony or "Munbinga" in Zambia, is a beautiful and valuable timber tree. It is native to central and southern Africa and grows in well-drained soils with plenty of sunshine.
Cultivation Methods
Propagation of Tylostemon anacardioides is mainly by seeds. Sow the seeds in well-draining soil mixed with organic matter such as compost or manure. The seedbed should be kept moist, but not waterlogged, until germination occurs. Once seedlings have grown to about 10 cm tall, transplant them to individual containers and then into the field.
Watering Needs
Tylostemon anacardioides enjoys consistent soil moisture, particularly during the early stages of growth. After the seedlings are established and have developed well, watering may be reduced to once or twice a week, depending on environmental conditions. The best practice is to ensure the soil remains moist but avoid waterlogged conditions. In dry seasons, provide enough water to avoid leaf shedding or coloration change.
Fertilization
When it comes to fertilization, young trees need more nutrients than mature ones. A balanced fertilizer of 14-14-14 NPK applied every 3-4 months will ensure the young plants get enough nutrients. Mature trees require fewer applications and can be fertilized once or twice a year. Foliar application of micronutrients should be done in times of severe deficiency. Be careful not to over-fertilize the trees as it may lead to nutrient toxicity, which can cause damage to the roots or even death of the plant.
Pruning
Pruning Tylostemon anacardioides should be done when the trees have grown to 2-3 meters tall. Prune the trees to have a single stem and remove any side shoots between 0.5m to 1m from the ground. This helps to encourage the development of a tall straight trunk. After that, continue to remove any crossing branches, dead wood, and lightly prune to maintain shape. Avoid pruning during the rainy season, as this can lead to fungal infections.
Propagation of Tylostemon anacardioides
Tylostemon anacardioides is a beautiful perennial plant that can be propagated through seeds and cuttings.
Propagation through seeds
The seeds of Tylostemon anacardioides are very small and can be collected from a mature plant during the flowering season. The seeds should be sown in a well-drained potting mix and covered with a thin layer of soil. The pot should be placed in a warm and bright area, and the soil should be kept moist. The seeds usually germinate within 2-3 weeks.
Propagation through cuttings
Cuttings of Tylostemon anacardioides can be taken in the late spring or early summer. The cuttings should be about 10-15cm long and should have a few leaves attached to them. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cutting should be dipped in rooting hormone. The cutting should then be planted in a well-draining potting mix and kept in a warm and bright area. The soil should be kept moist, and the cutting should root within 4-6 weeks.
Propagation of Tylostemon anacardioides through both seeds and cuttings is easy and can be done with minimal effort. With proper care, the new plants will thrive and grow to be as beautiful as the parent plant.
Disease and Pest Management for Tylostemon anacardioides
Tylostemon anacardioides is a plant species found in tropical Africa, commonly known as the African almond. Like most plants, it is susceptible to disease and pest infestation. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect the plant and ways to manage them:
Diseases
Leaf Spot: This is a fungal disease that appears as small brown or black spots on the leaves. The spots enlarge and join together, causing the leaf to wilt and eventually fall off. To manage this disease, affected leaves should be removed and destroyed. Fungicides can also be applied to prevent further spread of the disease.
Anthracnose: This is another fungal disease that affects the stems, leaves, and fruits of the plant. It causes the tissue to rot, and affected parts should be pruned and disposed of. Fungicides can also be used to control the spread of the disease.
Bacterial Wilt: This is a bacterial disease that causes wilting and yellowing of the leaves. The bacteria can survive in the soil for up to three years. To manage this disease, remove affected plants and avoid planting Tylostemon anacardioides in the same area for at least three years.
Pests
Aphids: These are small insects that feed on the sap of the plant, causing curling and yellowing of the leaves. They can be controlled by using insecticidal soaps or neem oil.
Caterpillars: These are the larvae of butterflies and moths. They feed on the leaves and fruits of the plant, causing significant damage. To manage caterpillars, use Bacillus thuringiensis, a natural bacterial insecticide that is safe for humans and other animals.
Tylostemon anacardioides is a beautiful plant that is easy to grow and care for. By following these disease and pest management tips, you can ensure that your plant remains healthy and happy for years to come.
