Overview
Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank is an ancient, organic grain crop that belongs to the wheat family. It has been grown for thousands of years and has been an important food source for many civilizations. This plant is also known by several common names, including Emmer wheat, Farro, and Zeia.
Origin
Emmer wheat, or Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank, originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East, specifically in the region that today includes parts of modern-day Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. It was one of the first crops to be cultivated by humans and has been grown for over 10,000 years.
General Appearance
Emmer wheat plants have a distinct appearance, with tall and thin stems that reach up to 1.5 meters in height. The leaves of the plant are long and narrow, around 15 to 25 centimeters in length, and are blue-green in color. The seed head, or “spike,” of the plant is long and thin, measuring up to 10 centimeters in length, and contains numerous small seeds.
Uses
Emmer wheat has a rich, nutty flavor and a chewy texture that makes it an excellent choice for a variety of dishes. It is commonly used in traditional Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisines, including soups, stews, and salads. Emmer wheat is also an excellent source of vitamins and minerals, including complex carbohydrates, fiber, iron, and protein. Additionally, the plant is used for environmentally sustainable purposes, such as soil fertility, biomass, and bioremediation.
Light Requirements
Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank, commonly known as Spelt, is a crop plant that requires moderate to high light intensity levels for optimal growth. This makes it suitable for cultivation in open fields or greenhouses where it can receive enough sunlight. High-intensity light enhances the development of chlorophyll in plants, thus contributing to photosynthesis.
Temperature Requirements
The growth of Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank is optimal at moderate temperatures between 15°C and 25°C. The plants are intolerant to extremely high or low temperatures and may not grow well under these conditions. Additionally, spelt requires a wide diurnal temperature range to stimulate growth and development. Therefore, it is paramount to maintain the temperature within the recommended range for optimal growth.
Soil Requirements
Good soil structure, adequate fertility, and appropriate drainage are essential for the growth of Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank. The crop plant thrives well in sandy loam or loamy soil types with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. The soil should be rich in organic matter- hence, incorporation of organic manure or compost is highly recommended. Additionally, adequate moisture content is crucial- waterlogged or drought-prone soils are unsuitable for spelt cultivation.
Cultivation Methods
Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank, also known as spelt wheat, is a cereal grain that is relatively easy to cultivate. It can grow in a variety of soil types, including loamy and sandy soils, but it prefers well-draining soil with a pH level between 6.0 and 7.5. Before planting, plow and harrow the field to loosen the soil and remove weeds. Spelt wheat can be sown directly into the ground or transplanted from pots. The best time to plant spelt wheat is in the fall after the last frost. Spelt wheat requires a cold period before germination. Therefore, it is advisable to plant the seeds at a depth of 2-3 inches.
Watering Needs
Spelt wheat requires adequate water to grow properly. However, it is essential not to overwater the plant as it can lead to root rot and other fungal diseases. Water the plant when the topsoil is dry to the touch, but avoid watering during the rainy season. A well-established root system benefits plant growth, so watering is critical during the early growth stages. Ensure the soil remains moist and does not dry out entirely, especially during the hot months of the summer season.
Fertilization
Spelt wheat is a cereal grain that requires adequate nutrients to grow into a healthy plant. Before planting the seeds, it is advisable to perform a soil analysis to understand the nutrient content of the soil. A nutrient-rich soil increases plant growth and production. Fertilizer applications depend on soil fertility levels, but organic fertilizers such as compost, manure, and bone meal can be applied. In the absence of organic fertilizers, a balanced NPK fertilizer can be spread, with emphasis on phosphorus and potassium for better germination, root development, and plant resilience.
Pruning
Spelt wheat does not require pruning like fruit trees or hedges. However, the removal of diseased leaves or plants is critical since they can spread diseases to healthy plants. In addition, if you notice that the plant is struggling to stand upright, then staking can be helpful. Crop rotation is advisable to prevent the buildup of diseases and pests that affect the plant adversely.
Propagation of Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank
Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank, commonly known as spelt, is a hardy cereal grain that is gaining popularity due to its health benefits and versatility in cooking. Propagation of spelt requires careful consideration of adequate soil, water, and temperature conditions. Luckily, the plant can be propagated through various methods, each with its advantages and disadvantages.
Seed Propagation
Seed propagation is the most common method of propagating spelt. It involves sowing seeds directly in the soil, either manually or using a seed drill. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 2-3 inches with a spacing of 6-8 inches between rows. The best time to sow seeds is in the fall, as spelt is a cool-weather crop and requires a long growing season.
One of the advantages of seed propagation is that it allows for genetic diversity, as each seed has the potential to grow into a unique plant. However, seed propagation can be labor-intensive, and the germination rate may vary depending on environmental conditions.
Division Propagation
Division propagation involves dividing an existing spelt plant into smaller sections and planting them separately. This method is best done in the fall or early spring when the plant is dormant. The plant should be dug up carefully, and the roots should be divided into smaller clumps using a sharp knife.
Division propagation is advantageous because it produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant. However, this method can be challenging, as spelt has a deep and extensive root system that can be difficult to divide.
Cutting Propagation
Cutting propagation involves taking stem cuttings from an existing spelt plant and rooting them in the soil or a rooting hormone. This method is best done in the spring or early summer when the plant is actively growing. The cutting should be taken from the top of the plant and should be at least 6 inches long.
One of the advantages of cutting propagation is that it produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant, just like division propagation. However, this method can be challenging, as spelt stems are thin and fragile and may not root successfully.
Overall, spelt can be propagated through several different methods, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Whether propagating through seeds, division, or cutting, it is essential to provide the plant with adequate soil, water, and temperature conditions to ensure a successful and healthy propagation process.
Disease Management
Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank or spelt is generally considered a hardy crop and is less susceptible to many common wheat diseases. However, it can still be affected by a few diseases, including:
- Fusarium head blight (FHB) - This disease can cause poor seed quality and yield reduction. To manage FHB, planting resistant varieties, crop rotation, and timely harvest can help reduce the risk of infection. Fungicides can also be used to minimize the spread of FHB.
- Leaf rust - This disease can cause premature defoliation and reduce plant vigor. Leaf rust can be controlled using fungicides and resistant varieties.
- Septoria - Septoria can cause lesions on stems and leaves, leading to reduced yields. Fungicides can be used to control Septoria, and crop rotation can help reduce the risk of infection.
Pest Management
Pests are a major cause of yield loss in Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank. Common pests that might affect spelt include:
- Hessian fly - Hessian fly larvae feed on the plant's stem, causing significant damage to the plant. To manage Hessian fly, planting resistant varieties, timely planting and removal of crop residue after harvest can help reduce the risk of infestation.
- Aphids - Aphids can cause significant yield loss by feeding on the plant's sap. Natural predators, such as ladybugs and lacewings, can be introduced to control the aphid population. Insecticides can also be used to manage aphids.
- Armyworms - Armyworms feed on the plant's leaves, causing significant damage. To manage armyworms, early detection, timely planting, and destruction of crop residue can help reduce the risk of infestation. Insecticides can also be used to control the armyworm population.