Origin
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni, also known as small-spine puncturevine, is a plant species that belongs to the family Zygophyllaceae. It is native to South America, particularly in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Common Names
Small-spine puncturevine is known by several names. In Brazil, it is called "Tribulo," while in Argentina, it is referred to as "Abrojo chico." In Paraguay, it is known as "Mburucuya," and in Uruguay, it is called "Panalito."
Uses
Small-spine puncturevine has been traditionally used in South American countries for its medicinal values. The plant is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat fever, headaches, and urinary tract infections.
In Argentina, the leaves of small-spine puncturevine are used to make tea, which is believed to have a calming effect and help reduce high blood pressure. The roots of the plant are also used as a natural remedy for impotence.
General Appearance
Small-spine puncturevine is a small, spiny, herbaceous plant that typically grows up to 20-30 cm in height. The plant has small yellow flowers, and its fruit is a spiky bur that breaks into four segments, each containing a seed. The leaves of the plant are pinnate with leaflets that are about 8-10 mm long.
The stems of small-spine puncturevine are slender and hairy with sharp, needle-like spines that can cause injury to animals or humans. The roots are thick and gnarled and can grow up to 15 cm deep in the soil.
Light Requirements
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius requires full sunlight exposure for optimal growth and development. Therefore, it is best grown outdoors or in greenhouses. Lack of sufficient light may lead to poor growth and reduction in flowering.
Temperature Requirements
The plant grows well in areas with warm-to-hot daytime temperatures; it is adaptable, nonetheless, it is sensitive to extreme cold conditions. The ideal temperature range for this plant is between 20 - 35°C. Temperatures above 38°C may affect the growth and development of the plant and reduce the yield.
Soil Requirements
The plant can grow on a wide range of soil types, but prefers well-drained soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH, within the pH range of 6.0 - 7.8, and rich in organic matter. It also grows well in sandy soils but does not perform well in heavy clay soils due to poor drainage. The soil should be able to retain adequate moisture without getting waterlogged, as waterlogging can lead to root rot and stunted growth.
Water Requirements
The plant requires moderate watering; the soil should be kept moderately moist and not completely dry. Adequate watering helps with maintaining the plant's growth and yields. It is important to avoid overwatering as it may lead to waterlogging which causes root rot and stunted growth.
Fertilizer Requirements
The plant does not have high fertilizer requirements; It generally thrives in low-nutrient conditions but may still benefit from well-balanced fertilizers. It is advisable to fertilize the plant at the beginning of the growing season, after planting, and again during the plant's active growth period, preferentially with a balanced fertilizer that contains equal portions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Cultivation Methods for Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni is a hardy plant that does well in arid and semi-arid regions. Cultivating this plant is easy, provided you follow the right procedures.
The first step to cultivating Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni is to prepare the soil. The plant thrives in well-draining soils that are slightly acidic. Prepare your soil by mixing sand, clay, and compost. The soil should also be loose enough to allow good air circulation.
The second step is to choose the right location. The plant requires full sunlight to grow well. Choose a spot that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day.
The final step is to plant the seeds. Scatter the seeds on the prepared soil and cover them with a thin layer of soil. Water the soil lightly and keep it moist until the seeds germinate.
Watering Needs of Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni is a drought-tolerant plant that does not require frequent watering. However, it is important to water the plant regularly to ensure it stays healthy.
Water the plant deeply once a week. Make sure the soil is moist up to a depth of 6 inches. Avoid overwatering as this can lead to root rot.
Fertilization of Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni does not require heavy feeding. However, fertilizing the plant can help it grow healthier and stronger.
Apply a slow-release fertilizer once a year in the spring. Make sure the fertilizer has equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Pruning of Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni does not require regular pruning. However, removing dead or damaged branches can help improve the plant's vigor.
Prune the plant in the fall after it has finished flowering. Use clean, sharp pruning shears to remove any dead or damaged branches. Avoid pruning the plant heavily as this can affect its growth.
Propagation of Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni is a perennial plant, which can be propagated through both sexual and asexual methods.
Sexual propagation
The seeds of Tribulus parvispinus can be harvested during the autumn season, when the fruits are mature. The ripe fruits can be collected and kept in a cool and dry place until they open up, revealing the seeds. The seeds must be cleaned and dried before sowing. They can be sown in a well-draining soil mixture and covered with a thin layer of sand. Keep the soil moist and warm and the seeds should germinate within a few weeks.
Asexual propagation
The plant can also be propagated through stem cuttings. Take a stem cutting of around 8-10 cm in length and remove the lower leaves. Dip the cutting in a rooting hormone gel or powder, then insert it in a well-draining potting mix. Keep the cutting moist and warm, and roots should develop in around 2-3 weeks.
Another asexual method of propagation is through division of clumps. The plant can be divided during the spring season, before new growth starts. Dig up the clump and separate it into smaller sections, making sure each section has some roots and shoots. Replant the sections in well-draining soil and keep them moist until growth resumes.
Disease and Pest Management for Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni
Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni, commonly known as puncturevine, is a hardy, drought-tolerant plant that is native to the Mediterranean region. While it is generally resistant to many pests and diseases, there are still a few that can cause problems and reduce yields.
Common Pests
One of the most common pests that affect Tribulus parvispinus is the root-knot nematode. These tiny worms can cause significant damage to the roots of the plant, leading to stunted growth and reduced yields. To manage root-knot nematodes, it's essential to choose a planting site with a well-drained soil and to rotate crops every year. Also, using nematode-resistant crops in the rotation can be helpful.
Aphids are another pest that can affect the plant. These tiny insects feed on the sap of the plant and can transmit viruses that cause severe stunting and yellowing of the leaves. To control aphids, spraying the plants with insecticidal soap or neem oil can be helpful. Ladybugs, lacewings and other beneficial insects can also help control aphid populations.
Common Diseases
Fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and rust can also impact the plant's growth and yields. Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery coating on the leaves and stems, while rust typically appears as orange or brown spots on the leaves. Both diseases can be controlled by improving air circulation around the plants, avoiding overhead watering, and applying fungicides as needed. Additionally, removing infected plant debris can help prevent the spread of fungal spores.
Another disease that can affect the plant is bacterial blight, which causes dark spots and wilted leaves. Bacterial blight can be difficult to control, but using copper-based fungicides and avoiding overhead watering can help manage the disease.
Conclusion
Overall, Tribulus parvispinus C.Presl var. intermedius (Kralik) H.Hosni is a hardy plant that is relatively resistant to pests and diseases. However, it's important to stay vigilant and take proactive steps to manage any potential issues. By choosing a well-drained site, rotating crops, using beneficial insects, and applying fungicides as needed, you can help maximize plant health and yields.
