Overview
Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene var. epunctata (A. Nels.) Kartesz, comb. nov. ined. is a daisy-like perennial plant that is native to North America. It is commonly known as the four-nerve daisy or bitterweed, and it belongs to the Asteraceae family.
Appearance
The four-nerve daisy has bright yellow, solitary flowers that grow on short stems. The flowers bloom from early spring to summer and have a typical daisy shape with eight to twelve petals arranged around a yellow center. The plant has a basal rosette of lanceolate leaves that are green and hairy. The stems are smooth and grow up to 18 inches tall.
Geographic Range
The four-nerve daisy is found throughout the southwestern United States, including in Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah. It thrives in dry, rocky, and sandy soils, and it is commonly found in grasslands, prairies, and desert scrub.
Traditional Uses
The four-nerve daisy has been historically used by Native American tribes for medicinal purposes, including as a remedy for fever, stomach problems, and respiratory issues. The leaves and roots were also chewed to relieve toothaches, and the plant was used to make a yellow dye for fabrics and baskets.
However, it is important to note that the four-nerve daisy can be toxic to livestock when ingested in large quantities, and it should be avoided as a forage plant.
Light conditions
Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene var. epunctata (A. Nels.) Kartesz, comb. nov. ined., thrives in full sun or partial shade. It can tolerate shade, but its flowering may be affected if it does not receive enough sunlight. Therefore, it's best to grow this plant in locations where it will receive at least six hours of sunlight per day.
Temperature requirements
This plant is native to North America and can adapt to a wide range of temperatures. However, it grows best in areas where the temperature is moderate, between 60°F and 80°F. It is also able to withstand cold winters, as long as the temperature doesn't drop below -20°F.
Soil requirements
Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene var. epunctata (A. Nels.) Kartesz, comb. nov. ined., prefers well-draining soil that is moderately alkaline. It can grow in a variety of soil types, including sandy, loamy, or gravelly soil. However, it will not tolerate waterlogged soil. If the soil is too acidic, add some lime to increase the pH level. This plant is also drought-resistant and can grow in areas where rainfall is scarce.
Cultivation Methods
Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata is a hardy perennial plant that is drought-tolerant, resilient, and easy to grow. It is recommended to grow the plant from start in the spring or fall. The seeds of the plant should be scattered on the surface of the soil and pressed gently to ensure good soil contact. The soil should be well-draining, rich in organic matter and well-aerated. The plant can be grown in full sun or partial shade, but it thrives well in full sun. It requires a moderate amount of watering, particularly during the first few weeks of growth.
Watering Needs
Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata is a drought-tolerant plant, but it still needs regular watering to thrive. Water the plant deeply once a week during the growing season, particularly during hot and dry weather. The plant can tolerate short periods of drought, but it may require more water during prolonged dry spells. Avoid overwatering, as the plant is susceptible to waterlogging and root rot.
Fertilization
Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata does not require much fertilization, as it can grow well in poor soils. However, you can apply a balanced fertilizer once or twice during the growing season to promote healthy growth and blooming. It is essential to ensure that the fertilizer is well-dissolved in water and evenly distributed throughout the soil to avoid burning the roots.
Pruning
Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata does not need pruning, as it has a tidy growth habit and does not get overgrown. However, you may need to deadhead the plant regularly to encourage continuous blooming. Pinch off the spent flowers once they start to fade to promote the growth of new flowers. You can also remove any yellow or damaged leaves to promote healthy growth and prevent the spread of diseases.
Propagation of Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata
Propagation of Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata can be done through both seed and vegetative means.
Seed Propagation
The most common propagation method for Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata is through seeds. The plant produces numerous small, black seeds that can be harvested once they are fully matured. Seeds can be sown directly into the soil or started indoors in pots. They should be planted in well-drained soil and placed in a sunny location. Germination typically occurs within 7-14 days.
Vegetative Propagation
Another method of propagation is through vegetative means, specifically by division. This process involves separating the root clump into smaller sections and then planting them separately. Division is typically done in the spring or fall when the plant is not in active growth. It is important to ensure that each divided section has a sufficient amount of roots and shoots for successful transplanting.
Disease Management
Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata is generally a healthy plant, but it may be susceptible to a few diseases such as:
- Root rot: This fungal disease is caused by overly moist soil conditions. To manage, avoid overwatering the plants and ensure proper drainage. It is also advisable to remove and destroy infected plants to prevent the spread of the disease.
- Leaf spot: This fungal disease results in small brown spots on the leaves. It is managed by removing infected leaves, avoiding overhead watering and practising good garden sanitation. Fungicides can also be a useful management tool.
- Rust: This fungal disease causes rust-colored pustules on leaves and stems. It is managed by removing infected plants and proper sanitation practices such as cleaning tools and avoiding overhead watering.
Pest Management
Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata can also be attacked by pests such as:
- Aphids: These tiny insects can cause stunted growth and yellowing of leaves. They can be managed by introducing beneficial insects such as ladybugs, using insecticidal soaps and oils, and practicing good garden sanitation.
- Spider mites: These pests cause yellowing of leaves and webbing. They can be managed by avoiding dry conditions, spraying with water regularly, introducing predatory mites, and using acaricides.
- Caterpillars: These pests can defoliate the plants and cause stem damage. They can be managed through handpicking, poutlyester formulations, and introducing parasitic wasps.
It is essential to identify any pest or disease early and to take appropriate measures to prevent spread. Regular monitoring and practising good garden sanitation will also help to manage disease and pests.
