Origin and Common Names
Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small, commonly known as square-pod hydroptero, is a plant species belonging to the sunflower family (Asteraceae). It is native to the southeastern United States, ranging from Texas to South Carolina and Florida.
General Appearance
The plant is a perennial herb that grows up to three feet tall. It produces multiple branched stems, each with hairy and rough-textured foliage. Its leaves are alternate, broadly ovate to lanceolate, and have serrated edges.
The flowers of T. repanda bloom in June and July, forming clusters of small, yellow, disc-shaped blooms. Each flower head measures about 3/4 of an inch in diameter and has 10 to 20 florets.
The fruit of T. repanda is unique, consisting of flattened, square-shaped achenes. These square pods are approximately 1/4 inch long and 1/4 inch wide, and they are clustered together on the stem.
Uses
The square-pod hydroptero has a long history of medicinal use among Native American tribes. The plant was used to treat influenza, respiratory problems, and digestive issues. It was also used as a diuretic and to treat skin issues.
In modern times, T. repanda is not widely used in modern medicine. However, the plant does have potential as a natural dye source. The flowers of T. repanda produce a bright yellow color that can be used to dye textiles and other materials.
Light Requirements
Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small typically grows best in full sun, but some shade is tolerable. This plant has adapted to grow in a range of light levels, from open fields to woodland edges.
Temperature Requirements
This plant is native to the southern United States and tolerates a range of temperatures. During the growing season, temperatures between 70-90°F (21-32°C) are best. However, this plant can withstand extreme heat and cold temperatures, with a potential range of USDA hardiness zones 7-10.
Soil Requirements
Tetragonotheca repanda grows best in well-draining, slightly acidic soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. This plant can tolerate dry conditions but prefers moist, well-drained soils. It is also tolerant of sandy, loamy, and clay soils as long as it is well-draining. Additionally, it can grow on disturbed soils in open fields and along roadsides.
Cultivation methods for Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small
When cultivating Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small, it's essential to keep in mind that the plant thrives best in well-draining soil. The soil should be amended with organic matter and should have a pH level of between 6.6-7.2. The plant requires full sunlight, and it is advisable to grow it in an area with good air circulation and plenty of elbow room as it can reach a height of up to three feet.
Watering techniques for Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small
Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small requires regular watering, particularly during the summer months when the temperatures are high. The amount of water required depends on factors such as the soil type and weather conditions. Water the plant when the top-inch of soil is dry and ensure that the surrounding soil is moist but not waterlogged. Try to avoid watering the leaves and keep the soil's moisture level consistent.
Fertilizing Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small
Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small requires regular fertilization for optimal growth and nutrition uptake. Fertilize the plant once a month during the growing season using a balanced fertilizer or one with a higher phosphorus ratio. Avoid fertilizing the plant during the winter months when it goes into dormancy.
Pruning Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small
Pruning Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small is not necessary for growth and development; however, it's advisable to deadhead old blossoms to promote the production of new flowers. When pruning, avoid cutting too close to the ground as the plant grows from woody stems that can be damaged. Overgrowth can also be thinned out as necessary to promote good air circulation and improve health.
Propagation of Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small
Tetragonotheca repanda (Buckl.) Small, commonly known as squarestem, is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is native to eastern and central North America and is a popular ornamental plant due to its attractive flowers. It can be propagated by various methods including seeds, division, and cuttings.
Propagation by seeds
Propagation by seeds is the most common method of growing Tetragonotheca repanda. The seeds should be sown in a well-draining seed-starting mix in early spring and kept moist. The ideal temperature for germination is around 70°F (21°C). The seeds should germinate within 1-3 weeks, and once the seedlings have developed two or three true leaves, they can be transplanted into individual containers or directly into the ground.
Propagation by division
Tetragonotheca repanda can also be propagated by division, which involves separating the plant's roots and replanting them. This method is best done in the early spring before the plant begins to grow. Dig up the entire plant, being careful not to damage the roots, and separate the clump into smaller sections. Each section should contain both roots and shoots. Replant the divisions in a well-draining soil mixture, and water thoroughly.
Propagation by cuttings
Propagation by cuttings is a relatively easy way to grow Tetragonotheca repanda. The cuttings should be taken from the new growth in late spring or early summer. Using clean, sharp scissors, take a 4-6 inch cutting, making sure to take it just below a node. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end into rooting hormone. Plant the cutting into a well-draining soil mixture, water thoroughly, and keep it in a warm, humid environment, with bright, but indirect sunlight. The cuttings should root within 2-4 weeks, and once rooted, they can be transplanted into individual containers or directly into the ground.
Disease Management
Tetragonotheca repanda is known to be susceptible to a few diseases that can hinder its growth and productivity. One of the most common diseases is fungal leaf spot, which causes small, circular spots on the leaves, eventually leading to leaf loss. To manage this disease, it is essential to prevent over-crowding of plants and maintain good air circulation. The use of fungicides can be helpful, but it is essential to choose one that is effective against the specific fungal strain.
Another disease that can affect the plant is powdery mildew, identified by a white or gray-colored fungal growth on the plant leaves and stems. This disease can be controlled by ensuring the plant is well-ventilated, allowing good air circulation. Fungicides can also be applied to control powdery mildew disease, but it should be done consistently as the fungus can be persistent.
Pest Management
Tetragonotheca repanda is also a target for several pests that can damage the plant as well as reduce the yield. One of the significant pests that affect the plant is the spider mite, which is a tiny arachnid that feeds on the plant saps. Spider mites can be controlled by regular monitoring and using an insecticidal soap or oil. However, it is essential to use these products cautiously to avoid phytotoxicity.
Another common pest of the plant is the whitefly, which attacks the plant leaves and stems, sucking sap from the plant. To control whitefly, the use of sticky traps or insecticidal soaps and oils can be effective. Additionally, beneficial insects such as ladybugs and lacewings can be introduced, which feed on whiteflies and control their populations.
