Terminalia Superba Engler & Diels
Terminalia superba Engler & Diels is a tropical and evergreen plant species that belongs to the family Combretaceae. This tree is commonly known as the African almond tree, and can be found in several African countries such as Ghana, Togo, and Nigeria. It can also be found in some parts of South America, including Brazil and Suriname.
General Appearance
The African almond tree can grow up to 50 meters in height, and its trunk can reach a diameter of up to two meters. The tree has a smooth and grayish bark, which becomes fissured when the tree becomes older. It has a rounded crown, and its branches are arranged in a horizontal tiered pattern. The African almond tree has a thick and glossy foliage, and its leaves are arranged alternately. The leaves are obovate and have a pointed apex and a rounded base.
Uses
The African almond tree has several uses, including its use for medicinal purposes. The bark, leaves, and roots of this tree are used to treat several ailments such as diarrhea, dysentery, and fever. This tree also has economic value, as the wood is used to make furniture, flooring, and construction materials. The tree's leaves are also used to feed livestock, and the tree is planted for its decorative value as well.
Furthermore, the African almond tree is an important plant for reforestation and conservation programs. Its ability to improve soil fertility and store carbon dioxide make it a valuable species for mitigating the effects of climate change. Its multiple uses make the African almond tree a valuable resource for many communities in Africa and South America.
Light requirements
The Terminalia superba Engler & Diels plant thrives in full sun to partial shade conditions. It requires an ample amount of light for photosynthesis, making it ideal for outdoor or indoor environments with direct sunlight. Plants grown in low light conditions tend to have elongated stems, small leaves, and weak roots.
Temperature requirements
The Terminalia superba is a tropical plant that prefers warm temperatures between 25 to 35 degrees Celsius. It can tolerate a minimum temperature of 18 degrees Celsius and a maximum of 40 degrees Celsius. A temperature below or above the optimal range may lead to stunted growth or death of the plant.
Soil requirements
The Terminalia superba Engler & Diels plant requires well-draining, rich soil for optimal growth. A pH range of 5.5 to 6.5 is ideal for the plant, and it thrives in soil with organic matter. Excessive moisture must be avoided, as it may lead to root rot and other plant diseases. The addition of compost, peat moss or sand can help to improve soil conditions and provide essential nutrients for the plant's growth.
Cultivation Methods
Terminalia superba Engler & Diels, also known as the African almond, is a tropical tree that grows up to 40m tall. It is a slow-growing species that prefers deep, well-drained soils with high organic matter content. The tree is tolerant to a wide range of soil types, including sandy and clay soils.
It is recommended to propagate Terminalia superba Engler & Diels from seeds, which should be sown in a well-prepared nursery bed. The seeds need to be scarified to break the hard outer coat before planting. Planting should be done during the rainy season to ensure adequate moisture for the seedlings.
Watering Needs
Terminalia superba Engler & Diels requires regular watering during the first two years after planting to establish a deep root system. Afterward, the tree can tolerate periods of drought, but it still needs moderate watering to maintain good growth and health.
The frequency of watering depends on the soil type, climate, and age of the tree. In general, young trees need more frequent watering than older ones. However, it is essential to avoid overwatering the tree, which can lead to waterlogging and root rot.
Fertilization
Terminalia superba Engler & Diels responds well to fertilization, particularly during the early growth stages. A balanced fertilizer with equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is recommended for optimum tree growth and development.
The fertilizer should be applied at the base of the tree, away from the trunk, and watered in thoroughly. It is best to apply the fertilizer during the rainy season when the tree is actively growing and can utilize the nutrients efficiently.
Pruning
Pruning is essential to maintain the shape and size of Terminalia superba Engler & Diels and to remove dead, diseased, or damaged branches. The tree should be pruned during the dry season when there is less risk of fungal infections.
It is recommended to prune the lower branches of the tree to facilitate canopy development and promote air circulation. The tree should also be trained to have a single trunk by removing competing leaders early in the growth stages.
Propagation of Terminalia superba Engler & Diels
Terminalia superba Engler & Diels can be propagated through different methods including:
Seed Propagation
The most common method of propagating Terminalia superba is through seed propagation. The seeds need to be well dried and stored in a cool and dry place to ensure viability. Before planting, they can be soaked in water for a few hours to enhance germination. The seeds should be planted in soil mix and kept moist throughout the germination process. Germination usually occurs within 2-3 weeks, after which the seedlings can be transplanted in a well-draining soil mixture.
Cuttings Propagation
Terminalia superba can also be propagated through cuttings. The cuttings should be taken from young, healthy plants during the dormant season. The cuttings should be about 10-15 cm long, and cut from the parent plant with a sharp, sterile knife. After cutting, the leaves should be trimmed off, leaving only a few at the top. The cuttings should then be treated with a rooting hormone and inserted into a well-draining soil mixture. Mist the cuttings frequently and keep them in a warm and humid environment. Rooting usually takes 4-6 weeks, after which the cuttings can be transplanted to larger containers.
Air Layering Propagation
Air layering is another propagation method for Terminalia superba, which involves cutting a notch or slant on a young, healthy branch and packing it with a rooting medium such as sphagnum moss. The branch is then wrapped with a plastic bag to maintain moisture and warmth. Roots should form within 4-6 weeks. Once roots have established, the branch can be cut off from the parent plant and planted in a well-draining soil mixture.
Disease and Pest Management for Terminalia superba Engler & Diels
Terminalia superba Engler & Diels, commonly known as Gabon oak, is a tall and sturdy tree species that is native to West and Central Africa. Like other plants, this species is prone to various diseases and pest infestations, which can have a negative impact on its growth and overall health. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect Terminalia superba and suggested ways to manage them:
Common Diseases
Leaf Spot Diseases
Leaf spot diseases are caused by fungi, which can leave visible spots on the leaves and cause them to turn yellow or brown. To manage leaf spot diseases, it is recommended to practice good sanitation measures, such as removing fallen leaves and pruning affected branches. Fungicides can also be used to control severe infestations.
Root Rot
Root rot is a fungal disease that can affect the roots of Terminalia superba, causing them to become brown and mushy. To prevent root rot, it is important to avoid overwatering and ensure that the soil is well-draining. Affected trees can be treated with fungicides or physically removed to prevent the spread of the disease.
Common Pests
Borers
Borers are a type of insect that can bore into the bark and wooden tissue of Terminalia superba, causing extensive damage. To manage borers, it is recommended to maintain the health of the tree through regular pruning and fertilization. Infestations can be controlled with insecticides or by physically removing affected branches.
Caterpillars
Caterpillars can feed on the leaves and buds of Terminalia superba, causing them to wither and die. To manage caterpillar infestations, it is recommended to monitor the trees regularly and physically remove any visible caterpillars. Insecticides can also be used as a last resort.
By practicing good hygiene and promptly addressing any signs of disease or pest infestations, it is possible to manage these issues and ensure the health and vitality of Terminalia superba.
