Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels
Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels, also known as the White Myrobalan or in Tagalog, Putokan, is a flowering plant belonging to the family Combretaceae. This plant is native to Asia, specifically in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
General Appearance
White Myrobalan is a tall tree that reaches up to 30 meters in height. It has a straight trunk, and its bark is grayish-brown and rough. The leaves are simple, alternate, and oblong in shape. The flowers are small, yellowish-white, and usually grow in clusters. The fruit is a drupe, which is elliptical and about 1.5 cm long. The fruit has a hard, woody shell, and within it is a single seed.
Common Uses
Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels is used for various medicinal purposes, including helping to treat diarrhea, diabetes, and inflammation. The bark and fruit of this plant are used to produce an astringent, which is beneficial in treating various skin diseases such as ringworm and scabies. Additionally, its astringent properties make it useful for dental hygiene. The fruit of the tree is also used as an ingredient in dyeing textiles, as it produces a brownish-yellow dye.
The wood of the White Myrobalan tree is valuable for furniture making and construction. Its hard, durable wood is used to make high-quality musical instruments and handicrafts.
Light Requirements
Terminalia polycarpa prefers full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. It can tolerate some shade, but too much shade may result in slower growth and poor development of branches and leaves. In areas with intense sunlight, providing some shade during the hottest times of day may be necessary to prevent damage to the plant.
Temperature Requirements
This plant thrives in warm temperatures, but can tolerate some cooler temperatures as well. The ideal temperature range for Terminalia polycarpa is between 20°C and 30°C. Temperatures below 10°C or above 40°C may cause damage to the plant, particularly if they persist for an extended period.
Soil Requirements
Terminalia polycarpa is not a picky plant when it comes to soil type, but it prefers well-drained soils. It can grow in sandy, loamy, or clay soils. The ideal pH range is between 6.5 and 7.5. The plant can tolerate slightly acidic or slightly alkaline soils, but extreme pH values may inhibit growth. The addition of organic matter to the soil can improve soil quality and provide necessary nutrients for the plant to grow and thrive.
Cultivation of Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels
Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels is a plant that prefers a warm, tropical climate for optimal growth. It can be grown outdoors in zones 9 to 11. The plant prefers well-draining soil with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. The planting site should have full sun exposure and protection from strong winds.
Watering Needs of Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels
The plant requires moderate watering during the growing season, typically from spring to early fall. It is essential to allow the soil to dry slightly before watering again, as the plant does not tolerate waterlogged soil. During the winter months, reduce watering and only water when the soil is dry to the touch.
Fertilization of Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels
To promote healthy growth, apply a balanced fertilizer once a month during the growing season. Use a slow-release granular fertilizer that releases nutrients over an extended period. Avoid overfertilizing, which can cause foliage burn and stunted growth.
Pruning of Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels
Regular pruning is essential to maintain the plant's size and shape. Prune during the dormant period in late winter or early spring to promote new growth. Start by removing any dead or diseased branches, then trim any unwanted branches to maintain the desired shape. For best results, use sharp pruning shears and make clean cuts to prevent damage to the plant.
Propagation of Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels
Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels, commonly known as the Sand Forest-White Terminalia, is propagated by various methods, including:
Seed propagation
Seeds are a common propagation method for Terminalia polycarpa. The seeds are collected from the tree during the fruiting season, which generally falls between January to April. The seeds are then cleaned, dried, and sown in well-prepared nursery beds.
The seedbeds should be thoroughly weeded, and the soil should be mixed with sand or any organic matter to improve drainage. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 2 cm and watered regularly.
The germination of the seeds occurs within 1-2 weeks, and the seedlings are ready for transplanting in polybags after 6-7 months. The seedlings should be watered regularly and protected from direct sunlight.
Vegetative propagation
Vegetative propagation is another method used for the propagation of Terminalia polycarpa. This method involves taking cuttings or using layering techniques.
The cuttings are collected from mature and healthy trees, and the cuttings should be 12-15 cm long. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings should be treated with rooting hormone powder before being planted in a well-prepared nursery bed. The cuttings should be watered regularly and protected from direct sunlight.
Layering involves bending a healthy branch of the parent plant to the ground and fixing it in place. The soil should be mounded around the branch and kept moist. The branch will grow roots, and once established, it can be cut from the parent plant and transplanted.
In conclusion, Terminalia polycarpa is a useful plant that can be propagated through seeds or vegetative means. Seed propagation is the most common and straightforward method, while vegetative propagation allows for the production of identical plants and can be used to propagate plants with desirable traits.
Disease and Pest Management for Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels
Terminalia polycarpa Engl. & Diels (known as the African almond or muvamba) is a tall tree native to several African countries. While it is generally hardy and resistant to many pests and diseases, there are some issues that growers should be aware of.
Common Diseases
One of the most common diseases affecting Terminalia polycarpa is leaf spot. This fungal disease causes small, circular spots to appear on the leaves, which can eventually lead to defoliation if left unchecked. Preventative measures include ensuring proper ventilation, avoiding overhead watering, and removing infected leaves promptly. Fungicides may also be used if the infection is severe.
Another disease that can afflict African almond trees is powdery mildew. This fungal infection causes a white, powdery coating to appear on the leaves and stems, which can eventually spread and stunt plant growth. Adequate spacing, pruning, and proper watering can all help prevent the spread of powdery mildew. Fungicides may also be used, although preventative measures are generally more effective.
Common Pests
While African almond trees are fairly resistant to pests, there are a few that can cause problems. One of the most common is the bagworm, a type of caterpillar that creates a protective cocoon out of leaves and twigs. These can be removed by hand or with a strong stream of water. Insecticides may also be used, although care should be taken to avoid harming beneficial insects or pollinators.
Another pest that can affect Terminalia polycarpa is the scale insect. These tiny insects attach themselves to the leaves or stems and feed on the sap, which can weaken the plant over time. A strong stream of water or insecticidal soap can help control scale infestations. Beneficial insects such as ladybugs and lacewings can also help control scale populations.
In conclusion, while African almond trees are generally fairly hardy and resistant to pests and diseases, growers should still be vigilant for signs of infection or infestation. Proper cultural practices such as good ventilation, spacing, and pruning can all help prevent problems. Fungicides and insecticides can also be used if necessary, although preventative measures are generally more effective and less harmful to the environment.
