Origin and Common Names
Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann, also known as Peruvian Almond, is a species of tree that belongs to the Combretaceae family. This tree is native to the tropical Andes of South America, particularly in the countries of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. It grows in the regions of Quechua, Aymara, and Chachapoya above the elevation of 1,800 meters.
Appearance
The Terminalia chrysomalla can grow up to 30 meters tall and has a canopy spread of up to 20 meters wide. Its dense, symmetrical crown has leaves that are up to 25 cm long and 15 cm wide. The tree produces small white flowers with a reddish tint that grows in clusters at the end of the branches. The fruit is a hard nut-like drupe that has one kernel with a diameter of up to 4 cm.
Uses
The Terminalia chrysomalla has a long history of medicinal uses among indigenous people. The bark and leaves of the tree have been used to alleviate stomach problems, inflammation, and diarrhea. The extract from its leaves has also been found to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, the plant is used to build traditional houses, make furniture, and carve decorative items. The fruit, which is edible, is eaten raw or roasted, and is also used to make jams and preserves. The nuts are high in protein and oil and can be eaten after boiling, roasting, or grinding.
Growth Conditions for Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann
Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann, commonly known as the "gold bark tree," is a species of flowering plants that is native to Central and South America. This tree can typically grow up to 25 meters in height, with a trunk diameter of up to 1 meter.
Light Requirements
Terminalia chrysomalla prefers full sun exposure for optimal growth. The tree can tolerate some shade, but it will not grow as vigorously under shaded conditions. To ensure maximum growth potential, it is best to plant the tree in an area with ample sunlight exposure.
Temperature Conditions
The gold bark tree is a tropical species and requires warm temperatures to grow. The tree prefers temperatures between 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F) for ideal growth. When exposed to temperatures below 10°C (50°F), the tree can experience damage to its foliage and overall growth rate may be reduced.
Soil Requirements
The gold bark tree can grow well in a variety of soil types, but it prefers well-draining soils that are rich in organic matter. The tree can tolerate acidic to slightly alkaline soils, with a pH range between 5.5 and 7.5. It is important to ensure that the soil has good drainage as the tree does not tolerate waterlogged conditions.
It is also recommended to add a layer of mulch around the base of the tree to help retain moisture and improve soil structure. This will aid in the tree's growth and overall health.
Cultivation Methods
Terminalia chrysomalla is a tropical tree that prefers a warm and humid climate. It can be grown outdoors in areas with a minimum temperature of 15°C or indoors in pots. The plant needs well-draining soil with plenty of organic matter. It can grow in sandy or loamy soils. The roots don't like to be too wet, so the soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. The plant can tolerate partial shade, but it grows best in full sun.
Watering Needs
The watering needs of Terminalia chrysomalla depend on the season and weather conditions. The plant needs regular watering during the growing season but less water during the dormant season. The soil should be moist but not too wet. Overwatering can lead to root rot, which is harmful to the plant. It's best to water deeply once a week rather than giving the plant frequent shallow watering.
Fertilization
Terminalia chrysomalla benefits from regular fertilization during the growing season. A balanced fertilizer with a mix of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium can be applied every month. Too much fertilization can lead to excessive growth and weak stems, which can't support the weight of the branches. It's essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions and not to overfertilize the plant.
Pruning
Pruning Terminalia chrysomalla is essential to promote healthy growth and maintain its shape. The plant can be pruned during the dormant season or after flowering. Any dead or damaged branches should be removed, and the shape of the plant can be trimmed to promote bushier growth. The cuts should be made at an angle to prevent water from collecting on the branches. Fruiting branches should not be removed as they bear fruit that attracts birds and other animals.
Propagation of Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann
Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann, also known as "molinillo" or "golden Terminalia," is a tree species native to the Amazon rainforest. Propagation of this species can be done through different methods including seeds, cuttings, and grafting.
Propagation through Seeds
Seeds of Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann can be collected from mature trees during fruiting season. Seeds should be cleaned and soaked in water for a few hours before planting. The seeds can then be planted in pots or directly into the ground. For best results, the soil should be mixed with compost and kept moist throughout the germination process.
Propagation through Cuttings
Cuttings from Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann can be taken from young shoots. The cuttings should be about 12-15 cm long and should have two to three leaves. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings planted in a well-draining soil mixture. The cuttings should be kept moist and placed in a shaded area until roots have formed. Once established, the cuttings can be transplanted to their permanent location.
Propagation through Grafting
Grafting is a preferred method of propagation for Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann, as it allows for the production of plants with desirable traits such as disease resistance or faster growth. The technique involves joining two plant parts from different cultivars, with the rootstock usually being a vigorous plant with strong roots and the scion being a desirable cultivar.
In conclusion, Terminalia chrysomalla Gilg & Ledermann can be propagated through different methods such as seeds, cuttings, and grafting. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which to use depends on various factors such as the desired number of plants, time, and resources available.
Disease Management:
Terminalia chrysomalla is susceptible to various diseases that can adversely affect its growth and yield. Some common diseases that may affect this plant include root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. Root rot occurs due to overwatering, and it can lead to plant death. Prevent root rot by planting the plant in well-drained soil. Leaf spot is a fungal disease that causes brown spots on the leaves. To manage it, remove and destroy the infected leaves and use fungicides as needed. Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that creates a white powdery coating on leaves. Prune infected leaves and use fungicides as directed.
Pest Management:
Terminalia chrysomalla can also be attacked by pests such as Caterpillars, aphids, and mealybugs. Caterpillars can cause significant damage to the foliage resulting in reducing the plant's growth. To manage them, remove and destroy the infected foliage and use organic insecticides. Aphids are small insects that feed on the sap of the plant. They can be managed using pesticidal soaps, beneficial insects, and neem oil. Mealybugs are tiny white insects that latch onto the leaves and stem, affecting the plant's overall growth. Use a cotton swab dipped in alcohol to wipe off the insects or use neem oil to manage.
