Overview
Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot, also known as the "white terminalia," is a flowering plant species that belongs to the family Combretaceae. It is native to central and western Africa, including countries such as Ghana, Cameroon, and Nigeria. It is a popular plant species that has been used for medicinal and commercial purposes for centuries.Appearance
The white terminalia is an evergreen tree that grows up to 35 meters tall. It has a straight trunk that can have a diameter of up to 2 meters. The bark is brown, rough, and fissured with small scales. The leaves are oval-shaped, dark green, and glossy, measuring approximately 5-13 cm long. The tree produces small, white, and fragrant flowers that bloom in clusters during the dry season.Common Names
Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot has various common names in different parts of Africa. In Ghana, it is known as "afena," while in Nigeria, it is called "gumaro." It is also known as "sheanut" or "Nyangande" in some parts of Africa.Uses
The white terminalia has several medicinal and commercial uses. Traditionally, its bark and leaves have been used to treat various ailments, including dysentery, fever, and diarrhea. The bark contains tannins, which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The leaves are also used as an insecticide and for making soap. The tree is also valued for its commercial uses. The fruit of the white terminalia, known as "shea nut," is used for extracting oil, which is used in the cosmetic industry for making skin and hair products. The wood of the tree is also used in construction and for making furniture and utensils. In conclusion, Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot is an important plant species in Africa with several medicinal and commercial uses. Its unique appearance and fragrance make it a popular ornamental tree in some areas, while its fruit and bark continue to be used for traditional and modern applications.Light Requirements
Terminalia albida prefers full sunlight but can tolerate partial shade. Adequate sunlight is vital to promote photosynthesis, resulting in healthy and robust growth. Young plants are more sensitive to direct sunlight and require shading until they acclimate to the environment.
Temperature Requirements
The plant grows in tropical to sub-tropical climates and prefers temperatures ranging from 21 - 30°C (70 - 86°F). The minimum temperature for growth is 10°C (50°F), and anything below this may harm the plant. Terminalia albida is drought-tolerant and can grow in areas experiencing prolonged dry spells.
Soil Requirements
The plant prefers well-drained soils, ranging from sandy loam to gravel, with a pH of 5.0 - 7.5. Terminalia albida is adaptable to a wide range of soil conditions, including poor soils with low nutrient concentrations. However, soils with high salinity content and heavy clay are not suitable for growth. Frequent fertilization may be required for optimal growth, especially in soils with poor nutrient levels.
Cultivation Methods
Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot, commonly known as the fhia tree or the flat-top tree, is a tropical plant that prefers well-drained soils and full sun. It is recommended to grow it in large containers before transplanting in the desired location. This is to allow for the growth of a well-established root system while monitoring for any pests or diseases.
Watering Needs
The fhia tree requires moderate watering. During the hot and dry seasons, watering should be done twice a week, at the base of the plant, and deeply to ensure that the water reaches the root system. In the cooler season, reduce watering to once a week to avoid the plant being waterlogged.
Fertilization
Regular fertilization is necessary for the healthy growth of Terminalia albida. Fertilizers high in nitrogen content are ideal for this plant. It is recommended to use slow-release fertilizers every three months to boost growth and development.
Pruning
Pruning should be done during the early stages of growth to shape the plant. Remove any crossing branches or deadwood to encourage healthy growth. Once the plant is well-established, prune to maintain the desired height and shape. Regular pruning will also promote vigorous growth and prevent any diseases or pests that may be lurking in the plant.
Propagation Methods of Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot
Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot can be propagated through several methods, including:
Seed Propagation
The plant can be propagated through seeds. The seeds are obtained from the fruit, which is a hard, woody structure. The fruit is collected after it has fallen to the ground. The seeds are then extracted from the fruit and either planted immediately or stored for later use. Seed propagation is the most common method used for propagation of the plant. Seeds can be sown directly in the soil or in a container. They usually germinate within 2-4 weeks.
Cuttings
Terminalia albida can also be propagated through stem cuttings. Cuttings should be taken from a healthy, mature plant during the growing season. The cuttings should be about 10-15 cm long and have a couple of leaves. The bottom end of the cutting should be dipped in a rooting hormone and planted in well-draining soil or sand. The cuttings should be kept moist and warm until they start showing signs of growth. Once rooted, the cuttings can be transplanted into individual pots.
Air Layering
Air layering is another propagation method for Terminalia albida. This method involves making a small cut on a healthy stem and applying rooting hormone on the cut. A plastic bag is then used to cover the treated area, and the area is wrapped with moist sphagnum moss or perlite. The moss should be kept moist, and the roots will grow from the cut area, forming a new plant. Once the new plant has formed roots, it can be removed and transplanted into a pot.
Disease and Pest Management for Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot
Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot is a tree species commonly found in East and West Africa. Despite being resistant to drought and pests, it is susceptible to some diseases and pests. Proper management techniques can help prevent and control these issues.
Common Diseases
One of the diseases that affect Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot is anthracnose. This fungal disease causes leaf spots, premature defoliation, and twig blight. To control anthracnose, remove infected plant material, and apply fungicides labeled for anthracnose control. Another disease is powdery mildew, which causes white spots on the leaves and reduces photosynthesis. To manage powdery mildew, maintain good plant hygiene by cleaning up fallen leaves and twigs. Applying fungicides labeled for powdery mildew control can also help control the disease.
Common Pests
Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot is relatively resistant to pests. However, some insect pests can affect its growth and productivity. One of the significant pests is the cupim. The termites can cause damage to the roots and stems, leading to stunted growth and yield loss. Regular inspection and application of chemical pesticides can help control the termites. Another pest is the caterpillar, which feeds on the leaves, leading to defoliation. Handpicking of the caterpillars and application of insecticides can help control the pest.
Integrated Management
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to controlling plant diseases and pests. Combining chemical, cultural, and biological control strategies can help control the diseases and pests effectively. For instance, planting Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot in well-drained soils, maintaining good plant hygiene, and selecting disease-resistant varieties can help prevent diseases. Additionally, using pheromone traps, biological control agents, and chemical pesticides can help control pests and prevent their populations from growing.
In conclusion, proper management of diseases and pests is crucial in ensuring the productivity and growth of Terminalia albida Scott-Elliot. Implementing integrated pest and disease management techniques can help control the pests and diseases effectively, reducing the use of chemical pesticides and promoting sustainable plant management practices.
