Identification
Tannodia swynnertonii (S.Moore) Prain is a flowering shrub that belongs to the Rubiaceae family. It can grow up to 2-4 meters in height with a stem diameter of up to 7 cm. The leaves are simple, opposite, and measures 15-30cm long and 5-10 cm wide.
Geographic Distribution
Tannodia swynnertonii is native to Kenya and Tanzania. It is commonly found in the coastal part of Kenya, in the regions of Shimoni, Kwale, Kilifi, and Mombasa. It also grows in the forests of Tanzania, along the Eastern Arc Mountains.
Common Names
The plant is commonly known as the "Swynnerton's tannodia". In Kenya, it's referred to as "Mkaratusi" in the Mijikenda dialects while in Tanzania it's called "Mpira wa Kongo".
Uses
The Tannodia swynnertonii plant has several uses in African traditional medicine. Extracts from the roots and stem barks are used to treat various ailments such as diarrhea, malaria, and fever. The plant is also known to have anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful in treating wounds and inflammation. The bark of Tannodia swynnertonii has been used as a remedy for snake bites.
In addition to its medicinal properties, the stem of Tannodia swynnertonii is very strong and has been used to make bows and arrows by some African communities. The plant's wood has also been used for fuel and carving.
General Appearance
Tannodia swynnertonii is a woody perennial shrub with a dense canopy of shiny leaves. The stems and branches are thick and have a rough texture with corky bark. The plant produces fragrant, white flowers that bloom in clusters and are followed by bright red berries that are about 8 mm in diameter.
Light Requirements:
Tannodia swynnertonii requires bright, indirect light for optimal growth. Direct sunlight can cause leaf scorching, so it is best to place the plant in a location with filtered or partially shaded light.
Temperature Requirements:
This plant prefers warm temperatures, between 18°C to 25°C (64°F to 77°F). Temperatures below 13°C (55°F) can cause the plant to suffer, so it is important to keep it in a warm location. However, Tannodia swynnertonii can handle some fluctuations in temperature, as long as it is not exposed to extreme cold or heat.
Soil Requirements:
Tannodia swynnertonii requires well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. The ideal pH level for the soil is between 5.5 and 6.5, which is slightly acidic. A soil mix that includes peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite is recommended to create a well-draining mix that retains water and nutrients.
Cultivation Methods
The Tannodia swynnertonii is a woody perennial shrub that requires specific cultivation methods to thrive. The plant requires a well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter and has a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0. The plant can be grown in full sunlight, but it also thrives well under partial shading, which protects the plant from direct sunlight. Propagation can be done through seeds or cuttings that are taken during the growing season.
Watering Needs
The Tannodia swynnertonii requires regular watering to keep the soil moist but not water-logged. The plant can tolerate drought conditions but cannot withstand water-logging, which can lead to root rot. The frequency of watering depends on the prevailing weather conditions, and the best way to determine if the plant needs water is to feel the soil moisture at a depth of about two inches. Watering should be done early in the morning or late in the evening to prevent water evaporation.
Fertilization
Fertilization is critical for the Tannodia swynnertonii, and it should be done regularly to boost growth and flowering. The plant requires a balanced liquid fertilizer that is rich in nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Fertilizers should be applied during the growing season, and the frequency of application depends on the type of fertilizer used. During the winter season, fertilization should be minimized or stopped to allow the plant to rest.
Pruning
Pruning is necessary to remove dead or diseased branches that may hinder growth or spread diseases to the healthy parts of the plant. Pruning of the Tannodia swynnertonii should be done during the winter season when the plant is dormant. Pruning can be done using clean and sharp pruning tools to prevent infections. Pruning should be done to improve the plant's shape and size, and it should be done in moderation to prevent damage to healthy parts of the plant.
Propagation of Tannodia swynnertonii
Tannodia swynnertonii, also known as Swynnerton's Cycad, is typically propagated through seeds and offsets.
Seed propagation
Seeds are the most common way to propagate Tannodia swynnertonii. Collect the seeds once the female cone has matured. Remove the fleshy outer layer of the seed by soaking them in water, or by drying them for several weeks. Then, the seeds can be planted in well-draining soil and kept moist. It takes approximately 3-6 months for the seeds to germinate. Once they have grown to about 3 inches, they can be transplanted into larger pots.
Offset propagation
Propagation through offsets can also be done. Cut off the offsets from the parent plant once they have formed their own roots. Plant them in a separate container with well-draining soil. Keep the soil moist and in a shaded area for the first few months for they may not be able to fully photosynthesize yet. Once they have adjusted, they can be exposed to more sunlight and treated like a regular mature plant.
Overall, propagation of Tannodia swynnertonii can take time and patience, but with the right techniques and dedication, it can be accomplished successfully.
Disease Management for Tannodia swynnertonii
Tannodia swynnertonii is generally a hardy plant species, but it can still be susceptible to various diseases. The following are some common diseases that can affect this plant and the management practices that can be employed to control or prevent them:
Fungal Diseases
Fungal diseases are the most common diseases that can affect Tannodia swynnertonii. They include anthracnose, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. Anthracnose is characterized by dark spots on the leaves, and the infected leaves eventually shrivel and fall off. Leaf spot manifests as small discolored patches on the leaves that later enlarge and turn brown. Powdery mildew forms white powdery growth on the leaves and can affect the growth of the plant.
Effective management of these diseases entails pruning off the infected parts and destroying them to prevent further spreading. Additionally, applying appropriate fungicides can help to kill off the fungal pathogens and prevent recurrence. However, it is always advisable to identify the specific fungi causing the disease to ensure the right fungicide is applied.
Viral Diseases
Viral diseases such as cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus can also infect Tannodia swynnertonii. These viruses cause stunted growth, yellowing of the leaves, and necrosis in extreme cases.
There is no known cure for viral diseases, and therefore the best management practice is to prevent them from infecting the plant. Avoiding any physical contact with infected plants is one way to prevent the spread of viruses. Additionally, using insecticides to control the vectors of viral diseases, such as aphids and thrips, can also help to prevent the viruses from infecting the plant.
Pest Management for Tannodia swynnertonii
Although Tannodia swynnertonii is generally not prone to pest infestations, below are some common pests that can attack it and the management practices that can be employed to control them:
Aphids
Aphids are a common pest that attacks Tannodia swynnertonii. They suck the sap from the plant, resulting in stunted growth and leaf distortion. Signs of aphid infestation include the presence of honeydew, a sticky substance exuded by the aphids, on the leaves. In severe cases, a sooty mold can develop on the honeydew.
To control aphid infestation, the use of insecticidal soaps or oils, such as neem oil, can be effective. These products suffocate the aphids by blocking their breathing pores. Additionally, spraying water on the plant leaves can help to dislodge the aphids from the plant.
Spider Mites
Spider mites are tiny pests that can cause the leaves of Tannodia swynnertonii to become yellow and stippled. Infested plants may also look dusty due to the presence of webbing produced by the mites.
To control spider mites, the use of insecticides such as horticultural oils or neem oil can be effective. In addition, increasing humidity around the plants can also help to prevent spider mite infestations.
Mealybugs
Mealybugs are tiny, soft-bodied pests that infest the leaves and stems of Tannodia swynnertonii. They are characterized by the presence of white, cotton-like material on the stems and leaves. Mealybugs feed on the sap of the plant and can cause stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and premature leaf drop.
To control mealybugs, the use of insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem oil can be effective. Also, pruning off severely infested parts of the plant and destroying them can help to prevent the spread of the mealybugs.
