Origin
The Synsepalum stipulatum, also known as the Hairy Star Apple, is a plant species that belongs to the Sapotaceae family. It is endemic to the tropical regions of West and Central Africa, particularly in Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, and Nigeria.
Common Names
The plant is commonly referred to as the Hairy Star Apple due to the dense hairs on the fruit's surface. Other common names include Mindimba (Gabon), Nzenze (Cameroon), and Ekporo (Nigeria).
Uses
The fruit of Synsepalum stipulatum is edible and has a sweet taste. It is commonly eaten raw, but it can also be used to make jams, jellies, and other desserts. Some communities in Africa also use the fruit for its medicinal properties. The bark and leaves of the tree are said to be used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including diarrhea, fever, and malaria.
General Appearance
The Synsepalum stipulatum is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that can reach up to 15 meters in height. The bark is smooth and greyish-brown, and the leaves are glossy and dark green, measuring about 8cm long. The flowers are small, white, and fragrant, and are followed by the fruit, which is a fleshy berry that measures about 2 to 3 centimeters in diameter. The fruit is green when unripe but turns yellow or orange upon ripening. The flesh is juicy, sweet, and contains one to two seeds. The surface of the fruit is covered with short, brown hairs, which give it a hairy appearance.
Light Requirements
Synsepalum stipulatum thrives in bright but indirect light. It grows best when exposed to filtered sunlight or partial shade. Direct sunlight can cause leaf scorching and other forms of damage. The plant can adapt to low light conditions, but growth will slow down, and the leaves may lose their bright green coloration.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature for Synsepalum stipulatum growth is between 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F), but it can endure temperatures between 15 to 30°C (59 to 86°F). The plant can tolerate high humidity levels but must be kept away from cold drafts and freezing temperatures.
Soil Requirements
Synsepalum stipulatum grows in soil rich in organic matter and well-draining. It thrives in moist soils that do not remain waterlogged for an extended period. A soil pH between 5.5-6.5 is optimal for this plant's growth. Adding peat moss, perlite, and sand to the soil mixture promotes drainage and aids aeration for the plant's roots.
Cultivation
The Synsepalum stipulatum, commonly known as the Yanang, is a tropical plant native to Central and West Africa. It can grow up to 8 meters high and is known for its edible fruits. Cultivating this plant requires specific care and attention to ensure its healthy growth and development.
When planting Yanang, make sure to choose a location with well-draining soil and partial shade. The plant requires a warm and humid climate to thrive and grow, with temperatures ranging between 21-29°C. Start by digging a hole large enough to accommodate the root ball and then add some organic matter to the soil.
Watering Needs
Yanang plants need regular watering to keep the soil moist, but overwatering should be avoided as it can cause root rot and other diseases. Water the plant once or twice a week, depending on the weather conditions, making sure the water reaches the roots. In dry seasons, increase the frequency of watering or use a drip irrigation system to provide steady moisture.
Fertilization
To encourage healthy growth and development, fertilize the Synsepalum stipulatum plant with a balanced fertilizer during the growing season. Nitrogen-rich fertilizers should be avoided as they can encourage the growth of foliage at the expense of fruit production. Apply the fertilizer every six to eight weeks, following the manufacturer's instructions.
Pruning
Pruning is essential to the successful cultivation of Yanang. Regular pruning helps remove any dead, diseased, or overcrowded branches, allowing the plant to focus its energy on producing fruit. Prune the plant during the dormant season, which is usually after the fruiting season. Also, prune the plant to remove any competing sprouts, keeping only a few strong and healthy stems.
Propagation of Synsepalum stipulatum Plants
Synsepalum stipulatum, commonly known as the Miracle Fruit, can be propagated by various methods, including:
Seeds
The easiest and most common method of propagation is by seeds. The seeds must be fresh, and the pulp should be removed before planting. The seeds are sown 1-2 cm in depth in a suitable growing medium, kept moist, and placed in a warm, shaded location. Germination usually takes 2-3 weeks.
Cuttings
Synsepalum stipulatum can also be propagated by stem cuttings. The cuttings should be taken from the current year's growth of mature, healthy plants and should be 10-15 cm long. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings should be dipped in rooting hormone before planting in a suitable growing medium. Cuttings should be kept moist and placed in a shaded location.
Grafting
Grafting is another propagation method that can be used for Synsepalum stipulatum. It involves taking a cutting from a desirable cultivar and grafting it onto a rootstock. Rootstocks should be chosen for their ability to provide strong roots and resistance to diseases and pests. The grafting should be done with care and precision to ensure the success of the technique.
Propagation is an essential aspect of maintaining and expanding Synsepalum stipulatum populations.
Disease and Pest Management for Synsepalum stipulatum (Radlk.) Engl.
Like many plants, Synsepalum stipulatum is also susceptible to diseases and pests which can cause harm to the plant and reduce its growth and productivity. Effective disease and pest management is necessary for maintaining the health and vitality of the plant.
Common Diseases
Anthracnose: Anthracnose is a fungal disease that causes circular or irregular-shaped spots on leaves, stems, and fruits. The spots may be dark brown or black and may have a yellow or tan center. To manage anthracnose, remove the affected plant debris, improve air circulation, and avoid overhead watering. Fungicides may also be required.
Leaf spot: Leaf spot is another fungal disease that is characterized by small, dark, and circular spots on the leaves. The spots may merge and form larger dead patches. To manage leaf spot, remove the infected leaves, avoid overhead watering, and use fungicides as needed.
Root rot: Root rot is caused by fungal pathogens that attack the roots, leading to their decay. Plants affected by root rot may exhibit wilting, yellowing, and stunted growth. To manage root rot, improve soil drainage, avoid overwatering, and apply fungicides.
Common Pests
Mealybugs: Mealybugs are small, soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap and excrete honeydew. Infested plants may exhibit yellowing, stunted growth, and leaf drop. To manage mealybugs, physically remove them from the plant, use insecticidal soap, or apply neem oil.
Aphids: Aphids are small, pear-shaped insects that feed on plant sap. They may cause wilting and stunted growth of plants, and may also transmit viral diseases. To manage aphids, spray water with a strong jet, physically remove them from the plant, or use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
Spider mites: Spider mites are tiny, spider-like insects that suck plant sap and cause stippling of leaves. They thrive in dry conditions and may cause yellowing, wilting, and eventual death of the plant. To manage spider mites, spray water with a strong jet to dislodge them, use insecticidal soap or neem oil, or apply predatory insects like ladybugs or lacewings.
It is important to note that prevention is better than cure when it comes to controlling pests and diseases. Regularly inspect the plant for any signs of infestation or disease, and promptly address any problems that arise. Healthy plants are less likely to be affected by pests and diseases, so providing adequate sunlight, water, and nutrients is crucial in maintaining the health of Synsepalum stipulatum.
