Overview
Stylosanthes scabra Vog. is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is commonly known as "Pencilflower" or "Stylo Scabrous". The plant is native to South America but has been introduced to other parts of the world as a forage crop and as a soil improver in degraded lands.
Description
Stylosanthes scabra Vog. is a perennial herb that can grow up to 50 cm tall. The leaves are trifoliate, alternate and hairy. The leaflets are oblong to lanceolate in shape, with a rounded or pointed tip, and they have serrate margins. The flowers are pink to purple in colour and are arranged in dense cylindrical spikes at the end of the stems. The fruit is a pod that contains one or two seeds.
Uses
Stylosanthes scabra Vog. is primarily used as a forage crop in tropical and subtropical regions. It is highly adaptable to a range of soils and climatic conditions, and it is particularly useful in areas with low fertility and poor soil structure. The plant has also been used to improve soil conditions in degraded lands through its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Additionally, the plant has been investigated for its potential use in traditional medicine.
In summary, Stylosanthes scabra Vog. is a versatile plant that has a range of uses. It is a valuable forage crop and soil improver, and it has the potential to be used in traditional medicine. Its trifoliate leaves, pink to purple flowers, and cylindrical spikes make it an attractive addition to gardens and landscapes as well.
Light Requirements
Stylosanthes scabra Vog. requires full sunlight exposure for optimum growth and development. The plant requires at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight every day.
Temperature Requirements
The plant thrives in warm weather conditions. Optimum temperature for its growth and development ranges from 25-35°C. Temperatures below 20°C and above 40°C are detrimental to the plant's growth.
Soil Requirements
The plant grows best in well-drained soils that are deep and fertile. A pH range of 6.0-7.5 is ideal for the plant's growth. Soils with high acidity or alkalinity should be adjusted accordingly. Proper drainage is crucial, as the plant cannot tolerate waterlogged conditions.
Cultivation of Stylosanthes scabra Vog.
Stylosanthes scabra Vog. is a perennial and drought-resistant plant that is ideal for planting in regions with low and erratic rainfall. The plant thrives in well-drained soils, and it is tolerant to a wide range of soil types.
The planting of Stylosanthes scabra Vog. should be done during the rainy season to ensure that seedlings have access to sufficient moisture for growth. The spacing between seedlings should be 30 cm by 30 cm, and the depth of planting should not exceed 2 cm. It is best to plant the seedlings in rows to allow for easy management of the plantation.
Watering needs of Stylosanthes scabra Vog.
Stylosanthes scabra Vog. requires moderate watering during its vegetative growth stage. However, during the flowering and seed-setting stages, the plant requires consistent moisture to ensure optimal seed production.
The frequency of watering will depend on climatic conditions and soil type. In regions with low rainfall, it may be necessary to supplement rainfall through irrigation to ensure the plant has access to sufficient moisture.
Fertilization of Stylosanthes scabra Vog.
Stylosanthes scabra Vog. performs well in soils with low fertility levels. However, the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can boost plant health and productivity.
The recommended fertilizer application rate is 80 kg/ha of nitrogen, 40 kg/ha of phosphorus, and 60 kg/ha of potassium. It is advisable to apply nitrogenous fertilizers in split doses to reduce the risk of leaching and improve uptake by the plant.
Pruning of Stylosanthes scabra Vog.
Regular pruning is essential for maintaining the productivity and vigor of Stylosanthes scabra Vog. The plant should be pruned after every grazing or harvesting event to allow for regrowth and prevent stem elongation, which reduces palatability and nutrient quality.
The pruning height should not be less than 5–10 cm from the soil level to allow for the plant to recover quickly and maintain its root system. It is also recommended to remove any diseased or damaged plant parts during pruning to prevent further spread of diseases and pest infestation.
Propagation of Stylosanthes scabra Vog.
Stylosanthes scabra Vog., commonly known as shrubby stylo or papilionaceous shrub, is a perennial legume that is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions for its pasture, as well as for erosion control and soil improvement. Propagation of Stylosanthes scabra Vog. can be achieved through several methods such as:
Seed propagation
Seed propagation is the most common method for propagating Stylosanthes scabra Vog. Seeds can be sown directly in the field, but it is recommended to first raise seedlings in a nursery, especially if the germination rate is low. Seeds should be scarified before sowing to break the seed coat and improve germination. Scarification can be done mechanically, by rubbing the seeds on a rough surface, or chemically, by soaking the seeds in concentrated sulfuric acid for a few minutes. Seeds should be sown at a depth of about 2-3 cm in well-prepared soil and watered frequently until they germinate. Seedlings can be transplanted to the field after 4-6 weeks, depending on the growth rate and weather conditions.
Cuttings propagation
Propagation of Stylosanthes scabra Vog. through cuttings is also possible, but it is less common than seed propagation. Cuttings should be taken from mature plants during the rainy season when the plant is actively growing. The cuttings should be about 20-25 cm long and should be taken from the top of the plant. The bottom of the cuttings should be cut diagonally and dipped in rooting hormone before being planted in well-drained soil. Cuttings should be watered frequently and kept in a shaded area until they develop roots, which usually takes about 2-3 weeks. Once the roots have developed, the cuttings can be planted in the field.
Division propagation
Division propagation is another method for propagating Stylosanthes scabra Vog. but it is not widely used. It involves dividing the rhizomes of mature plants into smaller sections with a sharp knife or shovel and replanting these sections in a new location. This method is best done during the rainy season when the plant is actively growing.
Disease Management
Stylosanthes scabra Vog. can be affected by several diseases. The most common ones are:
- Root rot: caused by various soil-borne fungi, this disease can cause wilting, stunted growth, and death of the plant. To manage it, avoid overwatering, improve soil drainage and use certified disease-free seeds.
- Leaf spot: caused by the fungus Cylindrocladium spp., it produces circular, brown spots on leaves and can lead to defoliation. Remove infected plant material and apply fungicides as recommended by a plant pathologist.
- Powdery mildew: caused by the fungus Oidium sp., it appears as a white powdery growth on leaves, stems, and flowers. Increase air circulation, avoid overhead irrigation, and apply fungicides.
Pest Management
The plant Stylosanthes scabra Vog. can also be attacked by several insect pests, including:
- Leaf-feeding caterpillars: they can cause significant defoliation and reduce plant growth. Handpick caterpillars or use appropriate insecticides.
- Mites: they suck sap from leaves and stems, causing yellowing, stunting, and leaf drop. Apply acaricides as recommended by a plant specialist.
- Root-knot nematodes: these microscopic worms damage roots, reduce the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients, and decrease yield. Use certified nematode-free seeds and avoid planting in soil with a history of nematode infestation.
Regular monitoring, cultural practices such as adequate irrigation and fertilization, and the use of biological control methods can also contribute to effective pest management.
