Overview
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. is a species of flowering plant that belongs to the family Loganiaceae. It is commonly known as "Kukraut Tree" and "Poison Arrow Tree" due to its poisonous properties. This plant is native to tropical regions of Africa.
Appearance
The Kukraut Tree is a small to medium-sized tree that can grow up to 15m tall. It has a straight trunk with a diameter of up to 50cm, and it is covered with rough greyish-brown bark. The leaves are simple, alternate, shiny, and oval-shaped, measuring between 7-12cm in length. The flowers are small, white, and star-shaped, and they appear in clusters at the end of the branches. The fruit is a drupe that is green when young, turning yellow-orange when ripe and containing one or two seeds.
Uses
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. has been used traditionally as a medicinal plant by various ethnic groups in Africa, although its use is limited due to its high toxicity. The bark and roots of the tree are used to treat malaria, fever, and rheumatism, among other ailments. However, its toxicity has also made it a potential source of poison for hunting, where it has been used to make poison darts and arrows. In addition to its medicinal and hunting uses, the tree has also been used as a source of timber and firewood.
Light requirements
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. grows best in full sunlight. This plant requires at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. In shaded areas, the plant may not flower or fruit properly. Therefore, it is essential to plant in a sunny location to ensure optimal growth.
Temperature requirements
The Strychnos gilletii De Wild. plant tolerates a wide range of temperatures. However, the plant is most comfortable in warm to hot climates. The optimal temperature range for growth is between 22°C and 30°C. During the colder months, the plant may become dormant, and growth will slow down. Strychnos gilletii De Wild. does not tolerate frost, and therefore, it is best to protect the plant during the winter.
Soil requirements
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. prefers well-draining soils that are rich in nutrients. The ideal soil type is sandy-loam or loamy-sand, with a pH range between 5.5 and 6.5. Additionally, the plant can grow in acidic soils but may require additional nutrients. It is essential to ensure that the soil is not waterlogged, as this can kill the plant. Adding organic matter and fertilizers can improve the soil quality and provide nutrients for the plant.
Cultivation Methods
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. is a perennial plant that requires proper care for healthy growth. It can be propagated through seeds or stem cuttings. For the propagation through stem cuttings, select a 15 cm long cutting from a healthy plant and remove the leaves from the lower part of the cutting. Plant the cutting in a potting mix and water it well. Place the pot in a partially shaded area and keep the soil moist. Once the plant has established roots, transplant it to a permanent location where it can receive full sunlight.
Watering Needs
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. requires moderate watering. During the dry season, water the plant twice a week to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Overwatering can cause the roots to rot and damage the plant. To ensure proper drainage, plant the Strychnos gilletii De Wild. on well-draining soil and avoid planting it in areas where water tends to accumulate during the rainy season.
Fertilization
Fertilize Strychnos gilletii De Wild. once a month during the growing season using a balanced fertilizer. Apply the fertilizer according to the package instructions, and make sure not to over-fertilize as it can cause the plant to grow too quickly, weakening it. Organic fertilizers, such as compost or aged manure, are ideal for Strychnos gilletii De Wild.
Pruning
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. does not require frequent pruning. However, removing dead, damaged, or diseased branches is necessary to prevent the spread of diseases. Pruning also helps to shape the plant and promote new growth. Prune Strychnos gilletii De Wild. during the dormant season, which is usually during the winter. Cut the branches at a 45-degree angle using sharp and clean pruning shears.
Propagation of Strychnos gilletii De Wild.
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. is propagated primarily by seeds, cuttings, and by layering.
Seed Propagation
The seeds of Strychnos gilletii De Wild. are collected from mature fruits and washed to remove any flesh and debris. The seeds are then soaked in water for 24 hours to soften the hard seed coat and to enhance germination rates. The seeds are then planted in well-draining soil and watered regularly. Germination usually takes place within two to four weeks. Seedlings are transplanted to individual pots or directly into fields.
Cutting Propagation
Cuttings of Strychnos gilletii De Wild. are taken from mature stems during the rainy season. The cuttings should be about 15 to 20 cm long and should have at least two to three nodes. The leaves from the lower nodes are removed, and the cuttings are treated with rooting hormones before planting. The cuttings are then planted in well-draining soil and watered regularly. Rooting usually takes place within six to eight weeks, and the rooted cuttings are transplanted to individual pots or directly into fields.
Layering Propagation
Layering is another method of propagation for Strychnos gilletii De Wild. A low branch of the parent plant is bent down and partially buried in the soil. A small wound is made on the stem where it contacts the soil to encourage root development. The stem is then held in place with a stake, and the area is protected from direct sunlight. The rooted stem can then be cut from the parent plant and transplanted to individual pots or directly into fields.
Disease and Pest Management for Strychnos Gilletii De Wild.
Strychnos gilletii is a plant native to tropical Africa, and it is commonly known as "Monkey orange." It is a medicinal plant used to treat gastrointestinal discomfort, diabetes, and malaria. The plant is drought-resistant and hardy, but it is susceptible to various pests and diseases. Here are some frequently occurring diseases and pests affecting S. gilletii and management recommendations:
Diseases
Leaf spot: This disease is caused by a fungus, and it attacks the leaves, creating small brown spots that can grow and merge. The leaves might turn yellow and fall prematurely. To manage, remove the affected leaves and avoid overhead watering. Ensure adequate spacing for good air circulation, and apply suitable fungicides.
Anthracnose: It is a fungal infection that affects the leaves, fruits, and stem of the plant. Symptoms include sunken spots with yellow halos turning brown and often surrounded by black fungal growth. Proper pruning to improve air circulation, and destruction of infected tissues are practical ways of managing. Apply appropriate fungicides during the vegetative season.
Root rot: This disease occurs due to overwatering or poor drainage. The fungus attacks the roots, causing them to rot and decay. If not treated early, the whole plant will perish. To manage, avoid overwatering and ensure good drainage. Use fungal nematicides and organic amendments to improve soil drainage.
Pests
Spider mites: These are tiny arachnids that attack the undersides of leaves, causing them to turn yellow and drop off. They are most common in hot, dry conditions. A way to manage spider mites is to prune off the affected leaves, reduce humidity, and apply insecticidal soap or oil as recommended by the manufacturer.
Scale insects: These parasites appear as tiny brown or gray bumps on the leaves and stems, causing them to yellow and wither. Use soft-bristled brushes or cotton swabs to wipe them away. Apply organic or chemical insecticides as a last resort.
Aphids: These are small insects that suck sap from leaves, causing them to curl and distort. A natural way to manage aphids is by introducing beneficial insects like ladybugs, lacewings, or parasitic wasps, which feed on them. Safer insecticidal soap or oil spray can also be used.
By implementing proper cultural practices and using appropriate pesticide treatments, growers can reduce the damage caused by pests and diseases on Strychnos gilletii. These measures will reduce the risk of crop loss and ensure a good yield.
