Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg: An Overview
Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg, commonly known as the 'Monkey Orange,' is a tropical African plant species that belongs to the Strychnos genus under the family Loganiaceae. The plant is known to grow in various regions of Africa such as Botswana, Namibia, Angola, and South Africa.
Appearance
Monkey Orange is a large, spiny, and evergreen shrub or tree that can grow up to 6-7 meters in height. The plant's bark is rough, dark grey, and flaky. The leaves are simple, glossy, and opposite, measuring up to 15 cm in length. The flowers of the plant are small and greenish-white, and the fruit is a large, round, green-yellow berry, which is about 10-15 cm wide. The fruit has a hard, woody shell with numerous reddish-brown seeds embedded in a pulp.
Traditional Uses
Various parts of the Monkey Orange plant have been traditionally used for different purposes. The fruit pulp is edible and sometimes used to make juice or jam. The seeds are known for their medicinal properties, where they are used to treat various ailments such as fever, fractures, snakebites, and malaria. The bark of the plant is also used in medicine, where it is used to treat dysentery, respiratory tract infections, and intestinal worms. The spines of the plant were often used in making traditional weapons such as arrows.
In South Africa, the Monkey Orange plant is culturally significant among certain communities, where it is associated with the ancestors and is sometimes used in ancestral rituals. The large fruits are used in traditional storytelling and are often depicted in African art and crafts.
Overall, the Monkey Orange plant is an important part of African traditional medicine and culture, and its uses continue to be valued by various communities in Africa.
Light Requirements
The Strychnos decussata plant typically requires a moderate to high amount of sunlight exposure. This plant generally needs full sun exposure for about 6 to 8 hours per day. Growing the plant in partial shade conditions may result in slower growth and less fruit production.
Temperature Requirements
The Strychnos decussata plant is native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, where average temperatures typically range from 20 to 30°C. Therefore, the ideal average temperature for growth and development of this plant is between 20 to 30°C. It requires a minimum temperature of 10°C and a maximum of 40°C to survive.
Soil Requirements
The Strychnos decussata plant generally prefers well-drained, loamy soils. The plant is drought-tolerant and can withstand some degree of moisture stress. However, it cannot grow in soils that remain too wet or heavy. Soil pH is also an important factor, which typically ranges from slightly acidic to neutral. A pH range of 6.0 – 7.5 is ideal for this plant to thrive.
Cultivation Methods
Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg, commonly known as the Monkey orange or Corky monkey orange, is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 12m tall. It is best grown in areas with a subtropical to tropical climate. The plant grows well in full sun or partial shade and prefers well-drained soils. It can be propagated by seeds or cuttings.
Watering Needs
Water the plant regularly, especially during the growing season, to ensure it receives enough moisture. However, make sure not to overwater the plant as it is susceptible to root rot. A well-drained soil mix will help prevent waterlogging. It is best to water the plant early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid midday heat stress.
Fertilization
Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg requires regular fertilization to maintain healthy growth. A balanced fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10 or 20-20-20 blend, should be applied every two to three months during the growing season. Incorporating organic matter such as compost or manure in the soil can also provide nutrients to the plant.
Pruning
Prune the plant to maintain its shape, remove dead or damaged branches, and promote new growth. Pruning is best done during the dormant season, and it is essential to use sharp, clean tools. Avoid over pruning as it can weaken the plant. Regular pruning of the plant helps to improve airflow and light penetration, which leads to better fruit production.
Propagation of Strychnos decussata
Strychnos decussata is a tropical plant native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is commonly known as the knob-thorn tree and is highly valued for its medicinal and commercial properties. Propagation of Strychnos decussata can be achieved through several methods.
Seed Propagation
The most common method of propagating Strychnos decussata is through seed propagation. The seeds of Strychnos decussata are dispersed by animals and are enclosed in a bright orange fruit. To propagate the plant, the seeds are collected from ripe fruits and cleaned carefully. The seeds are then soaked in water for several hours to soften the seed coat and allow for germination. The seeds can then be sown in a well-draining soil mix and kept moist. Germination usually occurs within 1 to 3 weeks. The plants can be transplanted into larger pots or into the ground after they have developed several leaves.
Cutting Propagation
Cutting propagation is another method that can be used to propagate Strychnos decussata. Cuttings should be taken from semi-hardwood stems during the growing season. Cuttings should be approximately 10-20cm in length and stripped of leaves at the bottom. The cuttings should be dipped in rooting hormone and placed in a well-draining soil mix. The soil should be kept moist and the cuttings should be kept in a warm, bright location. Roots should develop in approximately 4-6 weeks. Once the cutting has developed a good root system, it can be transplanted into a larger pot or into the ground.
Air Layering Propagation
Air layering is a propagation method that works well for Strychnos decussata. This method involves removing a small ring of bark from a stem, covering the exposed area with rooting hormone and moss, and then wrapping it in plastic wrap to protect it from drying out. Roots should form in approximately 4-6 weeks. Once the roots have developed, the new plant can be removed from the parent plant and transplanted into a larger pot or into the ground.
Disease Management:
Strychnos decussata is susceptible to various diseases, including fungal and bacterial infections. One common disease is powdery mildew, a fungal infection that appears as a white powdery substance on the leaves. To manage powdery mildew, regularly inspect the plant for any signs of infection and prune affected parts immediately. Ensure proper spacing between plants to reduce humidity, and increase air circulation around plants. Additionally, apply fungicides like neem oil to control powdery mildew.
Another disease that might affect the plant is anthracnose, which appears as brown spots on the leaves and fruits. To manage anthracnose, remove infected plant parts and dispose of them responsibly. Ensure proper drainage to reduce humidity, and avoid watering the plant from overhead. Additionally, apply fungicides like copper-based fungicides to control anthracnose.
Pest Management:
The plant Strychnos decussata is also susceptible to various pests, including mealybugs, scale insects, aphids, and spider mites. These pests damage the plant's leaves by feeding on them, resulting in yellowing and wilting. To control pest infestations, regularly inspect the plant for any signs of pest activity and isolate affected plants to prevent the pests' spread.
One effective way to manage pests is introducing predatory insects like ladybugs, praying mantis, and lacewings that feed on the pests. Additionally, apply insecticides like neem oil and soap sprays that are effective in controlling pest infestations. However, ensure to read and follow the instructions on the insecticide label before applying to avoid harmful effects on the plant and the environment.
In conclusion, controlling the diseases and pests affecting Strychnos decussata requires regular inspection, early detection, and prompt action. By implementing the management strategies described above, you can protect your plant from the most common diseases and pests and promote healthy growth.
