Overview of Struthiopteris exaltata (Fée) Broadh.
Struthiopteris exaltata (Fée) Broadh., also known as Ostrich Fern, is a species of fern that belongs to the family Onocleaceae. The fern is native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and Asia.
Common Names
Aside from Ostrich Fern, Struthiopteris exaltata is also commonly known as:
- Shuttlecock Fern
- Panther Fern
- Pheasant's Tail Fern
- Fiddlehead Fern
Uses of Struthiopteris exaltata
Struthiopteris exaltata has been used for various purposes throughout history. The young, tightly coiled fronds of the fern, also known as fiddleheads, are edible and are considered a delicacy in some culinary circles.
Aside from being a food source, the fern has also been used medicinally. Native American tribes have used the fern to treat various ailments, such as digestive problems, infections, and joint pain.
The fern is also used for decorative purposes due to its attractive appearance. It is commonly used in landscaping and gardening as a border or as a backdrop to other plants.
Appearance of Struthiopteris exaltata
The Ostrich Fern is a large, clumping fern that can grow up to five feet tall and six feet wide. It has feathery, bright green fronds that are tapered at both ends. The fronds grow in a circular pattern, resembling the shape of an ostrich feather, hence its common name.
In the spring, the fern produces fiddleheads that are tightly coiled and covered with brown, papery scales. As the fiddleheads mature, they unfurl into the fronds.
The fern prefers moist, shady areas and grows well in rich, loamy soils.
Light requirements
Struthiopteris exaltata is a shade-loving plant that prefers indirect or filtered sunlight. Too much direct sunlight can damage its fronds, while low light conditions can affect its growth and foliage quality. Therefore, it should ideally be grown in areas that receive partial sun to partial shade, such as under the canopy of taller trees.
Temperature requirements
The growth of Struthiopteris exaltata is significantly affected by temperature. This plant grows well in temperate to cool regions, with a temperature range of 10°C to 25°C (50°F to 77°F) being the optimum for its growth. Higher temperatures can cause the plant to wilt, while colder temperatures can cause damage to its fronds.
Soil requirements
To thrive, Struthiopteris exaltata requires well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. The ideal soil PH for this plant is slightly acidic to neutral, ranging from 5.5 to 7.0. The soil should also be able to retain moisture, but not become waterlogged as this can cause root rot. Adding compost or other organic matter to the planting area can help improve soil quality and drainage for the plant.
Cultivation
Struthiopteris exaltata, commonly known as the Ostrich Fern, is native to North America. It is a hardy plant that can grow in a wide range of soils, but prefers moist, rich, and well-drained soil. The plant requires partial to full shade and can grow in USDA zones 3 to 7.
When planting, it is recommended to space the ferns at least three feet apart to allow for their expansive growth. Dig a hole that is twice the size of the root ball and backfill with soil mixed with organic matter. Water the plant well after planting to settle the soil around the roots.
Watering Needs
Struthiopteris exaltata prefers moist soil, but not waterlogged conditions. The plant should be watered regularly during the growing season to keep the soil consistently moist, but not soggy. During the hot summer months, the fern may require additional watering to prevent the soil from drying out. It is recommended to water the plant at the base rather than overhead to prevent water from collecting in the center of the plant.
Fertilization
Struthiopteris exaltata does not require frequent fertilization, but can benefit from a yearly application of a balanced fertilizer in the early spring. It is recommended to avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive growth and poor plant health. Organic fertilizers such as compost or well-rotted manure can be used instead of synthetic fertilizers.
Pruning
Struthiopteris exaltata does not require pruning, but it may be necessary to remove dead or damaged fronds. The plant can be left to die back naturally in the fall, and the old fronds can be cut back to ground level in the late winter or early spring before new growth appears. Avoid pruning the plant during the growing season, as this can damage the plant and reduce its vigor.
Propagation of Struthiopteris exaltata (Fée) Broadh.
The Struthiopteris exaltata (Fée) Broadh., commonly known as the Ostrich Fern, is a perennial plant that spreads via rhizomes. It is an ideal plant for propagation due to its rhizomes that sprout new leaves each year, and its spores that can be collected for sowing in the right environment.
Division
The easiest and most common method of propagating the Ostrich Fern is through the division of rhizomes. This method involves digging up the plant and dividing its thick, fleshy rhizomes into smaller pieces. Each piece should have several healthy fronds and a portion of the root system. Transplant the divisions in a suitable location, preferably in the spring or fall.
Spore sowing
Propagation of Struthiopteris exaltata can also be done through spore sowing. The fern produces spores on the fronds' undersurface in spring, which can be collected and sown in early spring to late summer. A suitable environment for spore sowing is a well-drained soil or potting mix, high humidity, and a temperature of around 70°F.
Sow the spores on the surface of the soil, water as needed, and cover the pot with plastic to maintain high humidity. The spores will eventually germinate, and the plant can be transplanted to a larger pot or outside in the garden.
Care after Propagation
The Ostrich Fern prefers to grow in moist soils, and adequate watering is crucial in the establishing of newly propagated ferns. After dividing or spore sowing, keep the soil moist but not saturated. Provide the plant with regular fertilization, and monitor for any signs of disease or pest problems. With proper care, newly propagated Ostrich Ferns will thrive and fill out quickly, adding beauty and texture to any landscape.
Disease Management
Struthiopteris exaltata is a hardy fern species and is generally not affected by diseases that can severely harm or kill the plant. However, the plant is susceptible to a few fungal diseases that can cause aesthetic damage and stunt growth. These diseases include:
- Anthracnose: A fungal disease that causes black or brown spots on the foliage, leading to eventual discoloration and death of the plant.
- Rust: A fungal disease that causes orange or brown spots on the underside of the foliage. Severe infestations can weaken the plant and cause premature leaf drop.
- Downy Mildew: A fungal disease that causes yellow or white spots on the foliage with a fuzzy, gray growth on the underside. Severe infestations can lead to stunted growth and the deformation of fronds.
To manage these diseases, it is essential to remove infected or damaged foliage immediately. Proper sanitation practices, such as sterilizing pruning tools, can also help prevent the spread of fungal spores. Weekly application of fungicides can also help prevent and manage fungal infestations.
Pest Management
Struthiopteris exaltata rarely attracts pests, but a few common insect pests can attack the plant. These pests include:
- Aphids: Small, soft-bodied insects that can cluster on the undersides of fronds and cause distortion and discoloration of the foliage with their feeding.
- Scale Insects: Small, immobile insects that attach themselves to fronds and suck plant sap, leading to yellowing and stunted growth.
- Spider Mites: Tiny pests that spin webs on the foliage and cause stippling, yellowing, and eventual leaf drop.
To manage these pests, it is essential to carefully inspect the plant for any signs of infestation and take immediate action, removing any visibly infected fronds. Regular cleaning and pruning can also help prevent pest infestations. In severe cases, the use of insecticidal soap or horticultural oils can help control pest populations without harming the plant.
