Overview: Steironema tonsum (Wood) Bickn. ex Britt.
Steironema tonsum (Wood) Bickn. ex Britt., also referred to as the hairy pinecone weed, is a plant species belonging to the Asteraceae family. The plant is indigenous to North America, with most of its habitats found in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains region.
General Appearance:
The plant's leaves are deeply lobed and have rough textures, while the flowers, which bloom from June to August, are composed of small yellow-colored petals and typically grow in clusters with hairy buds.
Steironema tonsum generally grows to a height of 1-3 feet, with some specimens reaching over 5 feet. The plant's stems are thin and can vary in color from light green to red-brown. The plant's roots are shallow and have a fibrous nature, which assists in the plant's ability to resist drought conditions.
Common Names:
In addition to its scientific name, the plant is commonly referred to as hairy pinecone weed, prairie coneflower, and rough coneflower.
Uses:
Steironema tonsum has been traditionally used by Native Americans as a natural remedy for various ailments. The plant's roots and leaves contain compounds that have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These properties make Steironema tonsum useful in treating skin infections and inflammations as well as providing relief from arthritis and other ailments.
Additionally, the plant is used by wildlife as a food source and habitat. Birds, insects, and mammals rely on the seeds and flowers of the Steironema tonsum plant species for sustenance and shelter.
Moreover, the plant is also used as an ornamental species in gardens and landscapes, admired for its unique appearance and ability to attract pollinators.
Growth Conditions for Steironema Tonsum
Steironema tonsum, commonly known as wood false buttonweed, is a herbaceous plant species native to North America. Before growing this species, it is important to understand the typical growth conditions it requires.
Light Requirements
Steironema tonsum thrives in full sun or partial shade. It is important to note that it does not grow well in full shade. The plant requires at least 4 hours of direct sunlight daily to grow optimally.
Temperature Requirements
This plant species prefers moderate temperatures ranging from 60°F-80°F (15.5°C-26.5°C). It can tolerate temperatures as low as 40°F (4.4°C) and as high as 90°F (32.2°C) but extremes in temperature can negatively impact the growth and health of the plant.
Soil Requirements
Steironema tonsum prefers soil that is fertile, well-aerated and well-draining. The plant can grow in a variety of soil types, including sandy, loamy or clay soils. However, it is important to ensure that the soil pH is between 6.0 and 7.5, which is slightly acidic to neutral.
The soil must not be waterlogged as this can increase the risk of diseases and root rot. It is recommended to add organic matter to improve the soil quality and fertility.
Cultivation Methods
Steironema tonsum is a relatively hardy plant and can be grown in a variety of soil types. However, it prefers well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5. The plant should be provided with partial to full sunlight.
For propagation, seeds can be sown in a nursery in spring, and the seedlings can be transplanted to the garden after four to six weeks. Alternatively, mature plants can be divided in spring or fall and transplanted to a new location.
Watering Needs
Regular and consistent watering is crucial for the growth and survival of Steironema tonsum. The plant prefers moist soil and can tolerate occasional flooding. However, it can also withstand periods of drought.
During the growing season, the plant should be watered deeply once or twice a week. In hot weather, it may require more frequent watering. Once established, the plant can tolerate short periods of drought, but if water is scarce for an extended period, the plant will require additional watering.
Fertilization
Steironema tonsum does not require frequent fertilization. In fact, over-fertilizing can lead to excessive foliage growth and a reduction in flower production.
However, adding a slow-release fertilizer in early spring can promote healthy growth and flowering. The plant can also benefit from a layer of organic mulch around the base, which can slowly release nutrients as it decomposes.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for the health of Steironema tonsum. However, the plant can be pruned after flowering to maintain a neat appearance or to keep it at a specific size.
Trimming back the spent flowers and cutting back the stems by a third can promote bushy growth and encourage the plant to produce more flowers in the following season. Pruning should be done in late summer or early fall.
Propagation of Steironema tonsum (Wood) Bickn. ex Britt.
Steironema tonsum can be propagated through both sexual and asexual means. The most common method of propagation is through seeds, although cuttings can also be successfully rooted.
Propagation through seeds:
Seeds should be collected from mature, healthy plants. The best time to collect seeds is in the fall after flowering has ended. Seeds can be sown immediately or stored in a cool, dry place until the following spring. Before planting, soak the seeds in water for 24 hours to help with germination. Plant the seeds in well-draining soil and keep moist. Germination may take several weeks to months.
Propagation through cuttings:
Cuttings should be taken from healthy, non-flowering shoots in the spring or summer. Cuttings should be 4-6 inches long and taken from the tips of the plant. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in rooting hormone. Plant the cutting in a well-draining soil mix and keep moist. Place the cutting in a bright, but indirect light and maintain a warm temperature. Rooting may take several weeks to months.
Disease Management
The Steironema tonsum plant is susceptible to various diseases that can cause significant damage if left untreated. Some of the common diseases that affect the plant include:
- Root Rot: This disease is caused by over-watering, poor drainage or soil-borne fungi. It leads to root decay, wilting, and death of the plant. To manage this disease, ensure proper drainage and avoid over-watering. Remove infected plants to prevent the spread of disease.
- Leaf Spots: These are caused by fungal or bacterial infections. They appear as small or large spots on the leaves, which may turn yellow or brown and eventually drop off. To manage this disease, remove infected leaves and ensure good air circulation to reduce humidity levels.
- Powdery Mildew: This disease is caused by a fungal infection that forms a white powdery substance on the leaves. It can cause stunted growth and reduced yield. To manage this disease, improve air circulation, avoid high humidity levels, and use fungicides if necessary.
Pest Management
Steironema tonsum is also prone to pest infestations, which can cause significant damage if left unchecked. Some of the common pests that affect the plant include:
- Aphids: These are small, soft-bodied insects that suck sap from the plant, causing stunted growth and yellowing of leaves. To manage aphids, use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
- Spider Mites: These are tiny mites that feed on the leaves, causing yellow stippling and webbing. They thrive in dry conditions. To manage spider mites, improve humidity levels and use a miticide.
- Caterpillars: These are the larvae of butterflies and moths that feed on the leaves and buds, causing significant damage. To manage caterpillars, handpick and remove them when you see them, or use a biological insecticide.
