Overview
Spilanthes americana auct. p.p. non Hieron., also known as paracress or toothache plant, is a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, including South and Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean.
General Appearance
Spilanthes americana is a herbaceous plant that grows up to 60cm tall. Its leaves are alternate and simple, with toothed edges and a pointed tip. The flowers of this plant are yellow to orange in color, and they have a unique spherical shape with a raised conical center in the middle. The plant has a pungent, almost spicy aroma and flavor, and it produces a tingling, numbing sensation when eaten.
Common Names
This plant is known by several common names, including paracress, jambu, buzz buttons, electric buttons, eyeball plant, and toothache plant.
Uses
Spilanthes americana has been used for medicinal and culinary purposes for centuries. In traditional medicine, the plant has been used to relieve toothaches, sore throats, and gum infections. It is also believed to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antifungal properties.
Culinary uses of this plant include being used as a flavoring agent in dishes and as a garnish. The tingling sensation produced by the plant is often used to create unique cocktails and desserts.
This plant is also being studied for its potential use in oral healthcare products, as it has been shown to inhibit the growth of the bacteria responsible for tooth decay and gum disease.
Light Requirements
Spilanthes americana requires full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. It should be grown in an area that receives at least six hours of direct sunlight per day. If grown indoors, it should be placed in a bright location near a window that receives direct sunlight.
Temperature Requirements
Spilanthes americana is adapted to a warm climate, and it requires temperatures between 65°F to 75°F (18°C to 24°C) for optimal growth. In the summer months, it can tolerate higher temperatures up to 90°F (32°C). In cooler climates, it can be grown as an annual plant or grown in a greenhouse with temperature control.
Soil Requirements
Spilanthes americana prefers well-draining soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. It can tolerate some drought, but it prefers moist soil that is not waterlogged. To improve soil drainage, add organic matter such as compost or perlite. It can be grown in containers or in the ground. In containers, use a well-draining potting mix with perlite or sand.
Cultivation Methods
Spilanthes americana, commonly known as toothache plant, can be grown both indoors and outdoors. The plant prefers a sunny location, well-drained soil, and a warm climate. When grown indoors, ensure the pot has adequate drainage holes, and the soil is of high quality, aerated, and moist.
Outdoor planting can be done in pots or directly in the garden. The seeds should be planted about 1/4 inch deep into the soil and then covered with a fine layer of soil. The plant requires consistent watering to encourage growth and prevent transplant shock. It is essential to note the germination process could take up to 10 days, and the seedlings need to be thinned to avoid overcrowding.
Watering Needs
Water is a vital factor to the growth and development of Spilanthes americana. The plant requires regular watering, especially during hot and dry weather conditions. Ensure the soil is moist to the touch, and the water reaches the plant's root zone. Overwatering the plant may cause root rot and hinder its growth. A good rule of thumb is to allow about one inch of the soil to dry out before watering.
Fertilization
Spilanthes americana benefits from regular fertilization, especially during the growing season. The plant requires a well-balanced fertilizer with equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Fertilizers should be applied according to manufacturer instructions, avoiding excess use, which may be detrimental to the plant. Organic fertilizers such as fish emulsion or compost can provide necessary nutrients and improve the soil's quality.
Pruning
Pruning is essential for maintaining the shape and size of Spilanthes americana. The plant benefits from regular pruning to encourage bushier growth, improve flower production, and remove any dead or diseased leaves or stems. Pruning can be done throughout the year, especially during the growing season, to promote active growth and stimulate new growth in spindly plants. Ensure to use sharp and sterilized pruning tools to avoid injuring the plant.
Propagation of Spilanthes americana
Spilanthes americana, also known as Paracress or Toothache plant, is a tender perennial plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The plant is native to tropical regions of the Americas and is known for its small, yellow flowers that have a distinct spicy taste, similar to those of anise.
Seed propagation
The easiest way to propagate Spilanthes Americana is by seeds. The seeds of the plant are small and black to brown in color. They should be collected from mature plants and stored in a cool, dry place until planting. To start the seeds, they can be sown directly into the soil after the last frost of spring. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 1/8 inch and spaced 12 inches apart. It is important to keep the soil moist until the seeds germinate, which can take anywhere from 7 to 14 days.
Division propagation
Another way to propagate Spilanthes americana is by division. This method involves dividing the roots of an established plant and replanting the sections in new locations. The best time to divide the plant is during the early spring, just as the new growth begins to emerge. Dig up the plant, separate the roots into sections using a sharp knife, and replant in a well-draining soil mixture. Water thoroughly and keep the soil moist until new growth appears.
Cutting propagation
Spilanthes americana can also be propagated by cuttings. This method involves taking cuttings from the parent plant and rooting them in well-draining soil or water. Take stem cuttings from the parent plant in the early summer, just after the plant has finished blooming. Cuttings should be 3 to 4 inches long and should be taken from new growth that is still soft and flexible. Remove the lower leaves of the cutting and dip the cut end in rooting hormone. Place the cutting in water or well-draining soil, and keep it moist until the roots have developed and new growth appears.
Overall, the propagation of Spilanthes americana is relatively easy and can be done using a variety of methods. With the right care and attention, this versatile plant can be propagated successfully and enjoyed for years to come.
Disease and Pest Management for Spilanthes americana
Spilanthes americana is a hardy plant that is resistant to most diseases and pests. However, there are still a few diseases and pests that can affect this plant. Here are some of the common ones:
Diseases
One of the most common diseases that can affect Spilanthes americana is powdery mildew. This is a fungal disease that causes white, powdery spots to appear on the leaves of the plant. To manage this disease, you should remove any infected plant material, avoid overhead watering, and apply a fungicide if necessary. Another disease that can affect Spilanthes americana is root rot. This is a fungal disease that causes the roots of the plant to rot and can ultimately kill the plant. To manage this disease, you should ensure that the plant is not overwatered and provide good drainage.
Pests
One of the most common pests that can affect Spilanthes americana is aphids. These are small insects that suck the sap from the plant causing it to wilt and eventually die. To manage this pest, you can apply insecticidal soap or neem oil to the plant. Another pest that can affect Spilanthes americana is spider mites. These are tiny insects that can be difficult to see but can cause significant damage by sucking the sap from the plant. To manage this pest, you should increase humidity around the plant and apply a miticide if necessary.
Overall, Spilanthes americana is a relatively low maintenance plant that is resistant to most diseases and pests. However, it is still important to monitor the plant for any signs of disease or pest infestation and take appropriate action to manage it.
