Sphinctrina microcephala (Sm.) Korber
Sphinctrina microcephala (Sm.) Korber, also known as the Black Tar Lichen, is a species of lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It is commonly found on rocks, gravestones, and tombstones in temperate regions around the world.
Origin
Sphinctrina microcephala is believed to have originated in Europe and has since spread to other continents through human activities such as trade and transportation of goods. It is now a common species in North America, Asia, and Australia.
Common Names
The Black Tar Lichen is the most commonly used name for Sphinctrina microcephala, derived from its black, tar-like appearance. It is also referred to as Black-cored Warts Lichen, Black-spot Lichen, and Black-headed Pimple Lichen.
Appearance
The Black Tar Lichen has a distinctive appearance, characterized by black, rounded bumps or pimples on a dark gray to black thallus. The bumps are typically small but can sometimes grow up to 2 mm in diameter. The thallus is usually smooth but can be slightly rough or scaly. The lichen produces black apothecia that are small and rarely seen.
Uses
Sphinctrina microcephala is not commonly used for any specific purposes. However, its presence on gravestones and tombstones has been noted for its aesthetic value. It is also used in studies to monitor air pollution and as a bioindicator of environmental health.
Light Requirements
Sphinctrina microcephala requires moderate to high levels of indirect light to grow properly. Direct sunlight should be avoided as it can lead to leaf scorch and damage. The plant thrives in an area with bright, but filtered light.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for Sphinctrina microcephala is between 18-27°C. The plant can tolerate temperatures as low as 10°C, but growth will slow down. It cannot survive in temperatures below 5°C. Avoid placing the plant near drafty areas or air conditioning units as it can harm the plant.
Soil Requirements
Well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter is the best soil type for Sphinctrina microcephala. The pH level of the soil should be between 5.5-6.5. In addition to soil, the plant also benefits from the addition of peat moss and perlite to its potting mix. This helps to increase water retention and improve drainage.
Cultivation of Sphinctrina microcephala
Sphinctrina microcephala is a small shrub that prefers to grow in warm, humid areas with moderate to bright light. It is an epiphytic species, which means that it prefers to grow on other plants rather than in soil.
To cultivate this plant, it is recommended to provide it with a well-draining soil mixture with high levels of organic matter. The ideal pH range for Sphinctrina microcephala is between 5.5 and 6.5, and it requires consistent moisture levels.
Watering needs of Sphinctrina microcephala
The watering needs of Sphinctrina microcephala vary depending on the environmental conditions and the growing medium. It is essential to maintain consistent moisture levels to prevent the plant from drying out and wilting. However, overwatering can lead to root rot and other related diseases.
An excellent way to determine when to water Sphinctrina microcephala is to stick your finger into the soil up to the second knuckle. If the soil feels dry, it is time to water the plant. Ensure that the water reaches all parts of the growing medium, including the roots, to provide adequate hydration.
Fertilization of Sphinctrina microcephala
Sphinctrina microcephala requires regular fertilization to promote healthy growth and development. The ideal fertilizer for this plant is a balanced 10-10-10 formula with added micronutrients, applied every two to three weeks during the growing season.
When fertilizing, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid applying too much fertilizer, as it can cause root damage and foliage burn.
Pruning of Sphinctrina microcephala
Pruning Sphinctrina microcephala is not necessary, but it can help to shape the plant and promote bushier growth. To prune, use sharp, clean secateurs to remove any damaged or diseased stems and foliage. Trim back any leggy growth to encourage the plant to produce new branches.
It is best to prune Sphinctrina microcephala during the growing season, just after flowering, to minimize stress on the plant.
Propagation of Sphinctrina microcephala
Sphinctrina microcephala is a crustose lichen that grows on tree bark. It is commonly found in temperate and boreal forests. Propagation of this species can be done through two main methods: vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction.
Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative propagation is the process of producing new individuals from vegetative parts of the plant, such as thallus fragments or soredia. In the case of Sphinctrina microcephala, vegetative propagation is the most common method of reproduction. This species produces soredia, which are small, powdery structures containing both fungal hyphae and algal cells. Soredia can be easily dispersed by wind or rain and can germinate into new individuals when they land on suitable substrates.
Another vegetative propagation method is through thallus fragmentation. When the thallus is damaged, it can break into fragments, each of which can grow into a new lichen. This method is less common than soredia dispersal, but it can still contribute to the propagation of Sphinctrina microcephala.
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, which develops into a new individual. In Sphinctrina microcephala, sexual reproduction occurs through the production of apothecia, which are cup-shaped structures containing asci. Ascospores produced in the asci can germinate into new individuals.
The conditions required for sexual reproduction are often more specific than those needed for vegetative propagation, as it involves the presence of both a male and a female partner. Therefore, sexual reproduction is less common than vegetative propagation in Sphinctrina microcephala.
Disease Management
Sphinctrina microcephala is susceptible to several diseases that can interfere with its optimal growth and reduce its overall productivity. Some of the common diseases that affect this plant include;
- Leaf spot: This disease is caused by fungi and is characterized by small, circular or irregular brown spots on the leaves. To manage leaf spot, it is essential to keep the plant area clean and dry, and remove any diseased foliage as soon as possible.
- Root rot: This disease is caused by soil-borne fungi and can cause stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and ultimately death. To manage root rot, avoid overwatering the plant and ensure the soil has adequate drainage. Additionally, treating the soil with fungicides can help control the disease.
Pest Management
Sphinctrina microcephala is also susceptible to pest attacks that can cause significant damage to the plant. Some of the pests that commonly afflict this plant include;
- Aphids: These small, soft-bodied insects suck sap from the leaves, causing them to distort and yellow. To manage aphids, use insecticidal soaps, neem oil, or ladybugs, which are natural predators of aphids.
- Spider mites: Spider mites are tiny, sap-sucking pests that thrive in dry conditions. They cause leaves to yellow and develop webbing. To manage spider mites, improve humidity levels by misting the plant regularly and use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
Regular monitoring and inspection of the plant can help detect early signs of disease or pest infestation, allowing for prompt management. Additionally, practicing good plant hygiene and providing optimal growing conditions can help reduce the risk of disease and pest attacks.
