Origin
Spermacoce spermacocina (K.Schum.) Bridson & Puff belongs to the Rubiaceae family. It is native to Africa and is commonly found in Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya.
Common Names
The plant is commonly referred to as African squarestem or sometimes just squarestem.
Uses
Spermacoce spermacocina has a variety of medicinal uses. In traditional African medicine, the roots of the plant are boiled to create a tea that is used for treating fevers, headaches, and diarrhea. Additionally, the leaves, bark, and roots are used in poultices for treating wounds, skin infections, and as an anti-inflammatory.
Some studies suggest that the plant contains compounds with anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties as well.
General Appearance
African squarestem is a woody shrub that can grow up to 2 meters tall. It has square stems and small opposite leaves that are glossy green. The plant produces small white or pink flowers that grow in clusters. The fruits are small and round, about 2mm in size. The plant is drought-resistant and thrives in hot and arid conditions.
Growth Conditions for Spermacoce spermacocina
As a tropical plant, Spermacoce spermacocina prefers warm and humid environments. In its natural habitat, it thrives in shady areas, such as the understory of forests. When grown indoors or in a greenhouse, it does well with partial shade or filtered light.
Light Requirements
While Spermacoce spermacocina can tolerate low-light conditions, it prefers bright, indirect light or filtered light. When grown indoors, it should be placed near a north-facing or east-facing window, to avoid direct sunlight which can scorch the leaves. Outdoors, it prefers partial shade but can handle dappled sunlight.
Temperature Requirements
Spermacoce spermacocina requires a warm, humid environment to thrive. It does best when the temperature is consistently between 60-80°F (15-27°C). It cannot tolerate frost and should be brought indoors or covered during cold periods.
Soil Requirements
Spermacoce spermacocina does best in fertile, well-draining soil. A mixture of peat moss, perlite, and composted bark is ideal. The pH level should be neutral to slightly acidic, with a range of 6.0-7.0. It's important to avoid overwatering as it can cause root rot.
Cultivation Methods
Spermacoce spermacocina is a tropical plant that requires warm temperatures and plenty of sunlight to thrive. It grows well in well-draining soils that are rich in organic matter. Prior to planting, prepare the soil by incorporating compost or well-rotted manure. This will help to improve soil fertility and also aid in water retention.
Propagation can be done from seeds or cuttings taken from healthy, mature plants. It is recommended to plant the seeds or cuttings in a nursery, where they can be monitored until they are strong enough to be planted in their permanent position in the garden.
Watering Needs
Spermacoce spermacocina requires consistent watering to encourage optimal growth. It is important to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged, as excess water can lead to root rot and other fungal diseases. During periods of drought, it may be necessary to increase watering frequency to avoid water stress. Monitor the soil moisture regularly and adjust the watering schedule as needed to keep the soil consistently moist.
Fertilization
Fertilization can help to promote healthy growth and strong, vibrant blooms. Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer that is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Apply the fertilizer during the growing season, following manufacturer instructions for the recommended amount and application method.
Organic fertilizers, such as compost or vermicompost, can also be used to boost soil fertility and provide nutrients that benefit the plant over the long-term.
Pruning
Regular pruning helps to encourage healthy growth and prevent overcrowding. Prune Spermacoce spermacocina regularly to remove old or dead growth and maintain the shape of the plant. This will also help to promote the growth of new buds and lateral shoots, resulting in more robust growth and blooming. Use sharp, clean pruning tools to avoid damaging the plant, and prune during the growing season when the plant is actively growing.
Propagation of Spermacoce spermacocina (K.Schum.) Bridson & Puff
Spermacoce spermacocina can be propagated through two methods: by seed and by stem cuttings.
Propagation by Seed
The seeds of Spermacoce spermacocina can be collected from the dried flowers after the petals have fallen off. It is important to ensure that the flower head is completely dry, and the seeds have turned brown before collecting them. Once collected, the seeds can be stored in a cool, dry place until ready for use.
Before sowing the seeds, it is recommended to scarify them by rubbing them with sandpaper or nicking them with a knife. This is done to break down the seed coat and increase the chances of germination. The scarified seeds can then be sown in a well-draining potting mix and watered regularly until germination occurs.
Propagation by Stem Cuttings
Stem cuttings of Spermacoce spermacocina can be taken from healthy, mature plants during the growing season. The cuttings should be approximately 10-15 cm long and made just below a node. The lower leaves should be removed, and the remaining leaves should be cut in half to reduce water loss.
The stem cuttings should then be dipped in rooting hormone powder and placed in a well-draining potting mix. The cuttings should be kept in a warm and humid environment with bright, indirect light until roots have formed. The newly rooted cuttings can then be potted up into individual pots and grown on until they are ready to be planted in their final position.
Disease and Pest Management for Spermacoce spermacocina
Spermacoce spermacocina, also known as bridal creeper and African rue, is a perennial plant that can be affected by various diseases and pests. Effective management strategies can help prevent and control damage caused by these issues, ensuring the plant's healthy growth and development.
Common Diseases
The most common diseases that affect Spermacoce spermacocina include:
- Powdery Mildew: This fungal disease is characterized by a white, powdery substance on the leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant. It can cause stunted growth and yellowing of the leaves. To manage powdery mildew, ensure proper air circulation and avoid overhead watering. Use fungicides if necessary.
- Leaf Spot: Leaf spot is caused by fungal pathogens and appears as small, circular spots on the leaves. These spots may have a yellow or brown center and can cause the leaves to drop prematurely. To manage leaf spot, practice good sanitation and avoid overhead watering. Use fungicides if necessary.
- Root Rot: This fungal disease affects the roots of the plant, causing them to become brown and mushy. It can lead to wilting and yellowing of the plant. To manage root rot, avoid overwatering and ensure adequate drainage. Remove and dispose of affected plants to prevent the spread of the disease.
Common Pests
The most common pests that affect Spermacoce spermacocina include:
- Aphids: These are small, soft-bodied insects that can cluster on the undersides of leaves, causing them to curl. They suck sap from the plant and can cause stunted growth and yellowing of the leaves. To manage aphids, spray the plant with soapy water or use insecticidal soap.
- Spider Mites: These tiny pests are not visible to the naked eye but can cause damage by sucking sap from the plant. They often leave a fine webbing on the leaves and can cause them to turn yellow or brown. To manage spider mites, spray the plant with water regularly to increase humidity and use insecticidal soap or miticides.
- Caterpillars: Caterpillars can eat the leaves and flowers of the plant, causing holes and damage. Hand-pick them from the plant or use Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a natural insecticide that targets caterpillars.
Regular monitoring of the plant can help detect and manage diseases and pests early, minimizing damage and promoting healthy growth. Use a combination of cultural, mechanical and chemical management practices to effectively control disease and pest problems in Spermacoce spermacocina.
