Introduction
Sorghum nigricans (Ruíz & Pav.) Snowden is a species of grass that belongs to the Poaceae family. This plant is native to South America, particularly in the Andes Mountains in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. It is commonly known as Negro, as well as Black Pseudo-millet, and is related to the more widely known Sorghum bicolor.Appearance
Sorghum nigricans is a tall, annual grass plant that can grow up to 3 meters in height. It produces a dense, erect stem with many branches that bear inflorescences that form spikes. The spikes can be up to 30 cm long and are composed of groups of small spikelets. These spikelets are black and shiny, with a length of 3 to 4 mm.Uses
Sorghum nigricans has a wide range of uses, particularly in South America. The plant is often consumed as a food staple, commonly used to make a type of porridge or gruel that is consumed either sweet or salty. The seeds of the plant are also pressed to extract oil, which is used for cooking or as a replacement for soap. This plant is also used medicinally for gastrointestinal issues and is said to have anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, the plant's biomass is used as animal feed.Conclusion
Sorghum nigricans is a versatile and important plant species in South America. Its nutrient-rich seeds and biomass make it a valuable food and feed source, while its oil and medicinal properties add to its value. Due to its ability to thrive in dry and arid environments, Sorghum nigricans could potentially play an important role in sustainable agriculture and food security in the future.hereGrowth Conditions for Sorghum Nigricans
Sorghum nigricans, commonly known as black sorghum, is a highly-adapted plant. This hardy plant can grow in different environments, but it thrives in specific growth conditions, which include:
Light
Sorghum nigricans grows best in full sun, which means at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily.
Temperature
This plant grows in climates that offer warm temperatures, typically ranging from 25°C to 35°C. It can tolerate extreme temperatures ranging from 40°C to 45°C for a brief time, but drought is intolerable.
Soil
The plant prefers deep, fertile sandy to clay soils, with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. It can grow in soil types that contain low organic matter and are acidic or alkaline. The soil must, however, hold water moderately well.
The soil should be well-drained since the plant cannot tolerate waterlogged conditions. Adequate water supply is necessary during the growth phase for optimal and uniform germination.
In summary, Sorghum nigricans requires a warm environment with adequate water supply, well-drained soils, and full sun to thrive. Abiding by these conditions promotes optimal growth and a better yield for this crop.
Cultivation Methods
Sorghum nigricans is a drought-resistant plant that thrives in subtropical to tropical climates. It grows best in well-drained soils with a pH range of 6.0 to 6.5 and requires full sun exposure. The plant prospers in areas with a temperature range of 25°C to 35°C.
Sorghum nigricans can be grown as a cover crop in between other crops, as well as in monoculture fields as a forage crop for livestock. It can be propagated through seeds or vegetative means such as stem cuttings.
Watering Needs
Sorghum nigricans is drought-tolerant, but it is beneficial to keep its soil moist during the growing season. Adequate watering is desired during the early stages of growth. However, the plant can withstand brief periods of drought thanks to its deep root system.
If the plant is grown for forage during the dry season or in arid regions, irrigate it regularly. Frequent irrigation is vital when rainfall is insufficient or erratic, especially during the first 90 days of its growth.
Fertilization
Sorghum nigricans responds favorably to the addition of organic matter, such as compost, manure, and green manure. These supplements provide essential nutrients and promote soil fertility. Apply the organic matter during soil preparation or as a top dressing.
Nitrogen (N) is the most crucial nutrient for Sorghum, mostly when grown for forage. In addition, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) play a vital role in the development of its canopy. The NPK fertilizer should be added to the soil in the recommended amounts during planting.
Pruning
Sorghum nigricans does not require pruning since it is primarily grown as a forage crop. However, it benefits from regular topping, which involves removing the top quarter of the plant. This process helps the plant produce more tillers, which translates to higher biomass yield.
If you want to harvest the plant's grain, avoid pruning during the flowering period since it affects the crop yield and quality. The best time to harvest the grain is when it has fully matured, and the seed head turns from green to brown.
Propagation of Sorghum nigricans
Sorghum nigricans, also known as Black Sorghum or Black Millet, can be propagated through several methods: seeds, cuttings, and division.
Seed propagation
The most common and straightforward method of propagating Sorghum nigricans is by using its seeds. The plant produces seeds annually in late summer or early fall, which can be collected and stored for further use.
To propagate Sorghum nigricans using seeds, start by scarifying them or nicking their hard outer layer with sandpaper. This process helps the seeds to germinate faster. Then, soak the seeds in room temperature water overnight before planting them one inch deep in well-draining soil. Maintain a consistent level of moisture and temperature until germination occurs.
Cutting propagation
Another way to propagate Sorghum nigricans is by taking stem cuttings. Cuttings should be taken in the spring when the plant is actively growing. Choose a healthy, disease-free stem and cut it at a 45-degree angle.
Dip the cut end in rooting hormone and plant it in a soilless mixture such as perlite or vermiculite. Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged, and provide adequate lighting. Within a few weeks, roots should develop, and the plant can be transferred to a pot or the ground.
Division propagation
Dividing Sorghum nigricans is a propagation method typically reserved for mature plants. This process involves removing the entire plant from the ground and separating the clumps or rhizomes. Rhizomes are the underground stems that produce new shoots at their nodes.
Divide the clumps and replant them in new locations, making sure to water adequately. Due to Sorghum nigricans' deep root system, it can take some time for the plant to recover after division, so be sure to provide proper care and attention.
Disease Management for Sorghum Nigricans
Sorghum nigricans is prone to several diseases that can significantly impact the plant's growth and induce yield losses. Some of the common diseases affecting the plant are:
- Anthracnose: This disease is fungal and affects both the leaves and stalk. It appears as small spots on the leaves, and the stalk becomes severely damaged by later stages. Remove and destroy infected plants as soon as possible, and avoid planting in the same area.
- Sooty Stripe: It is a viral disease caused by the presence of the maize stripe virus. The symptoms of sooty stripe include a yellow mosaic pattern on leaves with infected plants drying out and dying. The disease is transmitted by aphids, avoid planting sorghum near maize fields, and use disease-free planting material.
- Downy Mildew: Sorghum downy mildew is caused by a fungal pathogen. To manage the disease, implement crop rotation, plow crop residues thoroughly, and ensure excellent drainage. Use a fungicide if the disease is prevalent in the field.
Pest Management for Sorghum Nigricans
Sorghum nigricans is also prone to several pests that damage the plant's leaves, stems, and grains. Some of the common pests affecting the plant and their management include:
- Aphids: These pests transmit sooty stripe disease and affect the plant's growth. Use insecticidal soap, neem oil, or a strong jet of water to eliminate aphids on the leaves.
- Stem Borers: Stem borers affect the stem and grain of the sorghum plant and reduce plant yield. Use resistant sorghum varieties and remove and destroy infected stems regularly.
- Sorghum Midge: This pest affects the flowers, and the larvae destroy the grain. Use crop rotation and chemical control to manage the pest.
- Cutworms: Cutworms feed on the sorghum plant's leaves, the stem near the soil surface, and the young plant. Use cutworm-resistant varieties and use biological control options like parasitic nematodes.
