Overview
Solanum somalense Franch.var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter is a plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family. It is commonly known as Somali nightshade, African nightshade, or more specifically, in Somali as 'lahooh '.
Origin and Distribution
The plant is native to tropical East Africa, specifically to Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Southern Sudan. It is usually found growing in savannahs, forest edges, and other disturbed habitats from sea level up to 1,800 meters above sea level.
Appearance
Solanum somalense Franch.var. withaniifolium is a small herbaceous plant with a short lifespan of 2-3 years. It grows up to 1m tall and has yellowish-green leaves that are ovate in shape, slightly serrated, and have a thin and soft texture.
The flowers, which are borne in clusters, have purple corollas and are attractive to bees and other pollinators. They produce small green berries that ripen to a black or reddish-brown color and are edible when cooked.
Uses
The plant is generally used for medicinal purposes. The leaves and roots of Somali nightshade are used to treat various ailments such as stomachaches, sore throats, and malaria. The plant is also used in traditional medicine to relieve the symptoms of diarrhea, constipation, and ulcers.
The edible berries of Solanum somalense Franch.var. withaniifolium are rich in Vitamin C and iron. The fruits are commonly used as food in East Africa either boiled or cooked with other vegetables like tomatoes and African eggplants.
The plant also has potential as an ornamental plant or as an ornamental landscape for its attractive flowers and foliage.
In conclusion, Solanum somalense Franch.var. withaniifolium is a versatile plant with potential applications in traditional medicine, as a food source and ornamental plant.Growth Conditions for Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter
Light: The Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter plant thrives well in bright, indirect light. It is not suitable for direct sun exposure, as this may cause leaf scorching. Therefore, it is best to place the plant near a window with a sheer curtain or indoors under a grow light.
Temperature: This plant is native to East Africa and prefers a warm environment. The ideal temperature range for growth is between 18 and 27 degrees Celsius. Keep the plant away from cold drafts and avoid abrupt temperature changes.
Soil: To promote healthy growth, the Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter plant requires well-draining soil with plenty of organic matter. A soil mix of peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite would be ideal. Ensure that the soil pH ranges between 5.5 and 6.5 for optimal growth.
Water: Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter does well when the soil is kept moderately moist. Overwatering may lead to root rot, while underwatering may cause leaf wilt. Therefore, it is recommended to water the plant when the top inch of the soil feels dry. Ensure that the container has adequate drainage to avoid waterlogging.
Fertilizer: The Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter plant requires regular feeding to promote healthy growth. Fertilize the plant every two weeks during the growing season with a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer. However, reduce the frequency during the dormant season.
Humidity: This plant prefers a slightly humid environment, with a range of 40-60%. To increase humidity, you can place a tray of water near the plant or use a humidifier.
Propagation: Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter can be propagated through stem cuttings. Take a 6-inch cutting from a healthy plant and remove the bottom leaves. Dip the cutting into rooting hormone and plant it in a well-draining potting mix. Keep the soil moderately moist and place the cutting in bright, indirect light. It usually takes about 4-6 weeks for the cutting to root and start growing.
Cultivation
Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter thrives in well-drained soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. It requires full sunlight to grow and mature, and it is essential to plant it in an open space that allows plenty of light. The plant can be propagated through seeds or stem cuttings, and it is important to plant it during the growing season when temperatures are warmer and more conducive to growth.
Watering Needs
The plant requires moderate watering, and it is important to ensure that the soil moisture is consistent and not too wet or too dry. The plant should be watered deeply once a week during the growing season, and only when the top inch of soil is dry. It is advisable to water early in the morning or late in the evening to prevent evaporation of water due to high temperature during the day. During the winter period, watering should be reduced to once in ten days.
Fertilization
Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter requires a balanced fertilizer that contains equal amounts of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. The fertilization should be done during the growing season, and preferably in early spring. The plant can be fed once every two weeks using a water-soluble fertilizer, taking care to follow the manufacturer's instructions. Avoid using too much fertilizer, as it can damage the plant and hamper growth.
Pruning
Pruning should be done during the growing season when the plant is actively growing. The plant should be pruned to remove any dead or diseased branches, or to shape it and encourage bushier growth. It is important to use clean, sharp pruning shears to avoid damaging the plant, and to make clean cuts at a 45-degree angle. Avoid pruning during the winter season, as it can lead to damage and slow growth.
Propagation of Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter
Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter, also called the African nightshade, can be propagated through various methods. These methods include:
Seed propagation
The African nightshade can be grown from the seed, which can be collected from mature fruits. The seeds should be dried and stored in a cool dry place before planting. Before planting, the seeds should be soaked in water for about 12 hours to enhance germination. Seeds should be planted in a well-prepared seedbed and covered with a thin layer of soil. Water the seedbed regularly and protect from direct sunlight. Germination should occur within 21 days.
Vegitative propagation
The African nightshade can also be propagated vegetatively from cuttings. Cuttings should be about 10-15 cm long, with at least two nodes. Remove all the leaves except the top two or three leaves. Cuttings should be planted in a prepared bed or potting media with good drainage and organic matter. The cuttings should be watered regularly and protected from direct sunlight. Within two to three weeks, the cuttings should develop roots and begin to grow.
Air layering propagation
Air layering is another propagation method that can be used to propagate the African nightshade. It involves making a cut on the stem and covering the cut with moist soil or peat moss. Roots will then develop on the stem, and the stem can be cut and planted in soil once the roots have developed. This method is best used for larger plants with woody stems.
Disease Management
The Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter is susceptible to several diseases. Some of the common diseases that might affect the plant are:
- Early Blight: Caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, early blight affects the leaves and fruit of the plant. To manage early blight, infected leaves and fruit must be removed and destroyed. Fungicides can also be used for management, but it's essential to follow the instructions on the label.
- Verticillium Wilt: This fungal disease is caused by Verticillium dahlia and causes stunting and wilting of the plant. To manage the disease, it's essential to remove and destroy infected plants. Crop rotation can also be employed to reduce the risk of recurrence.
- Phytophthora Blight: Phytophthora blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora capsici, causes rotting of the roots and stems. To manage the disease, reduce the humidity and ensure proper drainage in the soil. The use of fungicides can also be beneficial in management.
Pest Management
The Solanum somalense Franch. var. withaniifolium (Dammer) Bitter is also susceptible to pests. Some common pests that might infest the plant are:
- Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can weaken the plant over time. To manage aphids, the use of insecticidal soaps, neem oil, or horticultural oils can be helpful.
- Spider Mites: These are tiny, spider-like pests that feed on the underside of leaves, causing them to yellow and turn brown. To manage spider mites, the use of miticides or neem oil can be effective.
- Cutworms: These are caterpillars that live in the soil and feed on the stem of the plant at the soil line. To manage cutworms, the use of insecticides or physical barriers like collars made from paper or cardboard can be useful.
It's essential to use an integrated approach to the management of both diseases and pests. Employing cultural practices like crop rotation, proper sanitation, and the use of disease-resistant varieties can be helpful in managing both diseases and pests effectively. Early detection and timely management are also essential in ensuring a healthy and productive plant.
