Origin
Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri, commonly known as Fendler's nightshade, is a plant species native to Mexico and the Southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. It belongs to the Solanaceae family, which comprises over 2,500 species of flowering plants.
Common Names
Aside from Fendler's nightshade, Solanum fendleri is also referred to as Fendler's horsenettle, coyote berry, and desert nightshade.
Uses
Although considered poisonous and potentially harmful to livestock, Fendler's nightshade has been traditionally used by Native American tribes for medicinal purposes. They have used the plant's roots and leaves to treat conditions such as fever, headache, and sore throat, as well as using it as a diuretic and a laxative.
The plant has also been used in scientific research, particularly in the study of biologically active compounds found in its fruit, leaves, and stems. These compounds have shown promise in potentially treating diseases such as cancer and diabetes.
General Appearance
Fendler's nightshade is a perennial plant that can grow up to 1 meter in height. Its stem is covered in fine hairs and has thorns. The leaves are alternate, simple, and ovate in shape, with toothed margins and prominent veins. The plant's flowers are small and star-shaped, with five petals and a bright yellow center. The fruit of the plant is a small, round berry that turns from green to yellowish-orange as it ripens.
Overall, Solanum fendleri has an unassuming appearance, but its potential medicinal uses make it a valuable plant species.
Light Requirements
The Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri plant is known to grow well in full sunlight. Hence, it is essential to place them in areas where they can receive at least six hours of sunlight daily to thrive well. The plant can also tolerate some shade, but it is not advisable to place them in areas with too much shade as it affects its growth.
Temperature Requirements
The Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri plant requires warm temperatures to grow and thrive well. It is advisable to expose this plant to temperatures between 55 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. It is, however, essential to note that the plant may not tolerate extreme temperatures on either side of the spectrum. Hence, it is vital to monitor the temperature and adjust it accordingly to ensure the plant's health and steady growth.
Soil Requirements
The Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri plant thrives well in a well-drained, loamy soil. The soil should be slightly acidic, with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. It is essential to ensure that the soil is well-aerated to allow proper circulation of air. The plant requires moist soil but is susceptible to root rot if the soil is waterlogged. Hence, it is advisable to water the plant adequately, allowing the soil to dry out a bit before its next watering session.
Cultivation Methods
Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri, commonly known as Fendler’s nightshade, is a native perennial shrub that grows up to 6 feet in height and width. It thrives in USDA zones 6-9 and prefers well-drained soil, full sun exposure, and moderate watering.
To cultivate Fendler’s nightshade, start with pruning the plant in early spring to remove any dead or damaged stems. Afterward, add an organic fertilizer and compost to the soil before planting. The plant grows well in containers and can be propagated through stem cuttings or seed. Ensure the plants are spaced 3-4 feet apart and maintain consistent soil moisture until they establish roots.
Watering Needs
Fendler’s nightshade requires moderate watering, mainly during hot and dry spells. As a general rule, water the plant at least once a week or whenever the soil feels dry to the touch. Avoid waterlogging the soil, as it can lead to root rot and other fungal diseases.
The plant requires slightly more frequent watering during the hot summer months. Ensure the soil drains well to prevent standing water and minimize moisture stress.
Fertilization
Fertilizing Fendler’s nightshade does wonders for its growth and overall health. Use an organic fertilizer annually to boost the plant's growth and improve the soil structure. Apply the fertilizer at the beginning of the growing season and water the plants for effective nutrient absorption.
Alternatively, you can use compost as a fertilizer. Apply the compost before planting and till them with the soil to allow proper nutrient absorption by the plant roots. Avoid overfertilization, as it can lead to stunted growth and root damage.
Pruning
Pruning Fendler’s nightshade is essential for promoting healthy growth and maximizing yield. Start by removing the dead or damaged stems using sharp pruning shears. Additionally, prune the plant to maintain its shape, promote air circulation, and remove any crossing stems.
Prune the plant leaves regularly, especially during the growing season, to promote bushier growth. Avoid overpruning or cutting too close to the soil, as it can damage the plant roots and affect the overall plant productivity.
Propagation of Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri Plant
Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri, commonly known as Fendler's horsenettle, can be propagated through various methods, including seeds, cuttings, and division.
Propagation by seeds
Seeds of Solanum fendleri can be collected from mature fruits and sown in well-drained soil during the spring or summer months. The seeds should be kept moist and warm until they germinate, which can take anywhere from 2 to 8 weeks depending on the growing conditions. Once the seedlings have grown enough, they can be transplanted to the desired location.
Propagation by cuttings
Cuttings of Solanum fendleri can be taken from the stem or root of the plant during the growing season. The cuttings should be about 4 to 6 inches long and stripped of their lower leaves. The bottom of the cutting should then be dipped in rooting hormone and planted in a well-draining soil mix. The cutting should be kept in a warm and humid environment until it develops roots, after which it can be transplanted to the desired location.
Propagation by division
As Solanum fendleri is a herbaceous perennial, it can be propagated by division. The plant can be divided either in the spring or fall by carefully separating the root system and replanting the individual sections in well-drained soil. The divisions should be watered frequently until they establish themselves in their new location.
Disease Management
Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri is susceptible to several types of fungal diseases such as leaf spot, powdery mildew, and root rot. The best way to manage these diseases is by taking preventative measures such as providing adequate air circulation, avoiding overhead watering, and removing infected plant debris regularly.
If the plant is already infected with fungal diseases, it is recommended to use fungicides as directed by the manufacturer. A homemade fungicide can also be made using baking soda and water in a ratio of 1 tablespoon per liter of water. This solution can be applied to the plant once a week for preventive measures.
Pest Management
Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri is usually infested by aphids, spider mites, and whiteflies. Plant owners can manage these pests, and their effects include yellowing leaves, leaf curling, and stunted growth, by washing off or spraying the affected plants with a strong stream of water, keeping the environment clean, and using neem oil as a natural insecticide or insecticidal soap.
Neem oil can be made by mixing one ounce of neem oil with one-gallon water plus a few drops of dish soap to the watering can and pouring it over the plant's soil. This provides effective control of pests and disease resistance without harming beneficial insects.
