Plant Description
Selaginella willdenowii, also known as Willdenow's spikemoss, is a species of fern ally native to Central and South America. It is a perennial plant that grows up to 30 cm tall and has spreading stems that form a dense mat. The bright green foliage of Selaginella willdenowii features small, needle-like leaves arranged in a whorled pattern along the stem. The plant produces spores from structures called strobili, which are cone-like clusters located at the tips of the branches.
Common Names
Aside from its scientific name, Selaginella willdenowii is known by several common names, including Willdenow's spikemoss, moss fern, and resurrection plant. In Spanish, it is often called "hierba del golpe" or "hierba del sueldo".
Uses
Selaginella willdenowii has several traditional medicinal uses in parts of South America. It has been used to treat respiratory problems, fever, and infections like bronchitis and tuberculosis. The plant is believed to have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties. In addition to its medicinal uses, Selaginella willdenowii is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant, particularly in terrariums, due to its attractive foliage and low maintenance requirements.
General Appearance
Selaginella willdenowii is a small, low-growing plant that typically forms dense mats in its natural habitat. Its stems are thin and creeping, and its leaves are tiny and needle-like. The plant's bright green foliage contrasts with the brownish-yellow color of the strobili that it produces. Selaginella willdenowii is adapted to dry, arid conditions and is able to survive periods of drought by curling up and appearing dead, only to revive when water becomes available again.
Light Requirements
Selaginella willdenowii requires about 70-80% of sunlight per day. It can grow well under direct sunlight, but indirect sunlight is more preferable. The plant can tolerate a minimum of 3 hours of direct sunlight, but it cannot survive under a full-day direct sun. Additionally, if the plant is kept indoors, it needs to be kept near big windows that receive enough indirect light.
Temperature Requirements
The plant requires a tropical temperature range of 22°C-28°C. Temperatures below 20°C will cause the Selaginella willdenowii to become dormant, while higher temperatures can cause the soil to dry out quickly and its leaves to wilt. When grown indoors, the temperature should be between 18°C-24°C for optimal growth. However, the plant should not be placed near any cold or hot drafts.
Soil Requirements
Selaginella willdenowii requires well-drained soil with slightly acidic to neutral pH levels (5.5-7). The soil should be slightly moist but not overly wet. The soil should contain organic matter such as peat moss, compost, or coconut coir, which not only improves the soil structure but also facilitates the delivery of nutrients to the plant. The plant prefers nutrient-rich soil, but it should not be over-fertilized as it can cause root burn.
Cultivation Methods for Selaginella willdenowii
Selaginella willdenowii is a beautiful evergreen plant that is easy to cultivate. The plant can tolerate indirect light, but it prefers medium to bright, indirect light. It should be kept in a warm environment, with temperatures between 60-75°F.
The plant prefers well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. It can be grown in any potting mix designed for houseplants. Ensure that the container has sufficient drainage holes and change the soil every two years.
Watering Needs for Selaginella willdenowii
Selaginella willdenowii should be watered regularly to keep the soil evenly moist. Do not let the soil dry out, but be careful not to over-water as this can cause rot. Water the plant when the top of the soil feels dry to the touch. The frequency of watering depends on the humidity level of the plant's environment.
The best time to water Selaginella willdenowii is in the early morning or late afternoon, and use water at room temperature or slightly warm water avoiding using water that is colder than room temperature.
Fertilization of Selaginella willdenowii
Selaginella willdenowii should be fertilized once a month during the growing season, from spring until autumn. Use a water-soluble fertiliser mixed at half-strength to avoid over-fertilization, which can damage the plant.
During the dormant season (winter), fertilization should be reduced, if not stopped altogether. Ensure to switch to a more potassium based fertilizer while in the winter season to strengthen the plants roots for the growing season ahead.
Pruning Selaginella willdenowii
Selaginella willdenowii requires little pruning if placed in a spacious environment. However, to maintain an appealing shape, you could pinch back the growing tips of the plant. Do this in the growing season to encourage new growth.
Dead or damaged foliage should be removed as soon as possible to allow the plant to focus its energy on healthy growth. To avoid stressing the plant, prune sparingly.
Propagation Methods of Selaginella willdenowii (Desv. ex Poir.) Baker
Selaginella willdenowii (Desv. ex Poir.) Baker, also known as peacock spikemoss, is a perennial plant that can be propagated through several methods, such as spores, stem cuttings, and division.
Propagation by Spores
Peacock spikemoss can propagate by spores. You can collect ripe spores when the plant has matured, and sow it in a suitable medium. For best results, sow the spores in a mixture of peat moss and perlite or sand. Keep the medium moist, and place the container in a warm, shaded location. In a few weeks, tiny plants will emerge from the spores.
Propagation by Stem Cuttings
Another way to propagate peacock spikemoss is through stem cuttings. Take cuttings from a healthy, mature plant during the growing season. The cuttings should be at least 3 inches in length and have a few leaves. Dip the lower end of the cutting in rooting hormone, and root it in a mixture of peat moss and perlite or sand. Keep the soil moist and warm, and in a few weeks, roots will develop, and these cuttings can be transplanted into larger pots.
Propagation by Division
You can also propagate peacock spikemoss by division. Mature plants can be dug up, and the roots and stems separated into several small sections. Each section should have some roots and leaves. Plant each section in a suitable medium, and keep the soil moist and warm. In a few weeks, new growth will emerge from these divisions.
Peacock spikemoss is an easy-to-grow plant that can be propagated through spores, stem cuttings, or division. With proper care and attention, you can quickly expand your collection and enjoy the beauty of these plants.
Disease Management
Selaginella willdenowii is susceptible to a number of diseases that can cause serious damage if left unmanaged. Some common diseases of Selaginella willdenowii include:
- Anthracnose: This fungal disease causes brown or black spots on the leaves and stems, often leading to leaf drop and plant death. To manage anthracnose, remove infected plant material and ensure proper watering and ventilation to prevent overly damp conditions.
- Root rot: Root rot is caused by soil-borne fungi that cause the roots to rot and decay. This can lead to plant death if not managed promptly. To manage root rot, improve soil drainage and avoid overwatering.
- Bacterial leaf spot: This disease causes brown or black spots on the leaves and can lead to defoliation. To manage bacterial leaf spot, remove infected plant material and avoid overhead watering.
Preventive measures such as proper plant spacing, regular pruning, and use of disease-resistant cultivars can help to reduce the likelihood of disease outbreaks. In some cases, chemical fungicides may be necessary to manage severe infections.
Pest Management
Selaginella willdenowii is generally not highly susceptible to pest infestations, but several common pests may cause damage to this plant. Some of the most common pests affecting Selaginella willdenowii include:
- Spider mites: These tiny pests can cause yellowing and leaf drop. They are often found on the undersides of leaves and can be managed with regular spraying of water or use of insecticidal soap.
- Mealybugs: Mealybugs are small, soft-bodied insects that can cause leaf yellowing and waxy deposits on the plant. They can be managed with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil.
- Scale insects: Scale insects are small, immobile insects that can cause yellowing and leaf drop. They can be managed with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil.
Regular inspection of the plant can help detect pests early, before they become a major problem. Cultural practices such as removing debris from around the plant and ensuring proper ventilation can also help to control pest infestations. In some cases, chemical insecticides may be necessary to manage severe infestations.
