Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana (Hook.) Dorn
Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana (Hook.) Dorn is a deciduous shrub or small tree that is native to North America. It is commonly known as the Mackenzie willow or the Arctic willow and is found throughout Canada and parts of Alaska.
Appearance
The Mackenzie willow is typically found in cold, Arctic environments and is known for its ability to tolerate extreme temperatures and harsh conditions. It grows to be 1-6 meters tall and has slender, flexible branches covered in narrow, light green leaves with finely serrated margins. The Mackenzie willow produces dense clusters of small, cylindrical catkins in the spring that are covered in fine, silky hairs.
Uses
The Mackenzie willow has several uses, both traditionally and in modern times. Historically, Indigenous peoples used the bark and leaves of the plant to make baskets, mats, and other woven goods. The plant also has medicinal properties and was used to treat headaches, fever, and other ailments. In modern times, the Mackenzie willow is used in reforestation and erosion control projects due to its ability to quickly establish roots and survive in harsh environments.
The plant's leaves and catkins also provide a valuable food source to wildlife such as moose, caribou, and ptarmigan.
Growth Conditions for Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana (Hook.) Dorn
Light Requirements: Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana (Hook.) Dorn requires full sunlight to partial shade to thrive. The plant can tolerate shade but may not grow as vigorously as it would in full sunlight. Therefore, it is best to plant it in an area with ample sunlight exposure.
Temperature Requirements: The plant is native to regions with cold winters and warm summers. It can tolerate temperatures as low as -40°F and as high as 90°F, making it adaptable to a wide range of climates. However, young plants may require protection from extreme temperatures to avoid damage.
Soil Requirements: The plant prefers moist, well-drained soils but can also tolerate wet soils. It can grow in a variety of soil types, including sandy, loamy or clay soils. The ideal soil pH range is 5.0 to 7.5, slightly acidic to neutral.
Water Requirements: The plant requires consistent moisture to thrive, especially during the first growing season. Ensure the soil remains consistently moist but not saturated, which can lead to root rot. The plant can tolerate occasional flooding, but it is not recommended as a regular occurrence.
Fertilizer Requirements: Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana (Hook.) Dorn does not require heavy fertilizer application. However, it can benefit from a slow-release fertilizer in early spring to encourage healthy growth.
Cultivation Methods
Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana (Hook.) Dorn, commonly known as Mackenzie willow, is a hardy plant that thrives in full sunlight and moist, well-drained soil. It can tolerate a wide range of soil types, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. To ensure successful cultivation, it is recommended to plant Mackenzie willow in a location that receives at least six hours of direct sunlight each day.
Watering Needs
Mackenzie willow requires consistent moisture to grow and thrive. It is recommended to water the plant deeply once a week, rather than frequent shallow watering, to encourage a strong and deep root system. During dry spells, increase the frequency of watering to ensure the soil remains consistently moist. However, be careful not to overwater the plant as it can lead to root rot and other issues.
Fertilization
Fertilizing Mackenzie willow can enhance its growth and foliage. It is recommended to apply a balanced fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10, during the early spring. Avoid applying fertilizer during the fall as it can lead to new growth, which is susceptible to winter damage. It is also recommended to avoid over-fertilization as it can lead to excessive growth and weaken the plant's structure.
Pruning
Pruning Mackenzie willow is essential to maintain its overall health and appearance. It is recommended to prune the plant during the winter months while it is dormant. Remove any diseased or damaged branches first, then focus on shaping the plant by trimming back any overgrown or crossing branches. It is important to avoid pruning more than one-third of the plant's overall size as it can weaken the plant.
Propagation of Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana (Hook.) Dorn
Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana (Hook.) Dorn, commonly known as Mackenzie Willow, can be propagated by several methods such as seed propagation, stem cutting, and layering.
Seed Propagation
Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana can be propagated by seeds. The best time to collect the seed is during the summer, when the capsules open and release the seed. The collected seed should be sowed immediately or stored in a cool and dry place until sowing. Sow the seeds in a container filled with a well-draining medium in early fall. Keep the container indoors in a cool place until the following spring, where the seedlings can be transplanted outdoors.
Stem Cutting
Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana can also be propagated by stem cuttings. Cuttings should be obtained in late winter or early spring before the plant starts actively growing. Cuttings should be taken from new shoots and should be about 20 to 30 cm long, with at least two nodes. Remove all the leaves except the top two. Dip the cut ends in rooting hormone before planting them in a well-draining medium. Keep the cuttings in a cool and humid place until the roots appear. Once the roots are well established, the young willow can be transplanted into the garden.
Layering
Layering is another propagation method that can be used for Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana. Select a low hanging branch and prepare it by making a small cut in the middle of the branch. Dust the wound with rooting hormone and bury it in the soil with the cut facing up. Keep the soil moist until roots begin to form, usually within six to ten months. Once the roots are established, the new plant can be cut from the parent plant and planted in the garden.
Disease Management
Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana is susceptible to several types of diseases, including:
- Willow blight: This fungal disease can cause twig blight, canker, and dieback in willow trees. It is characterized by brown to black lesions on the bark, wilting of leaves, and yellowing of foliage. To manage this disease, pruning and destroying infected twigs and branches is recommended. Applying fungicides and practicing good sanitation can also help prevent the spread of the disease.
- Willow scab: This disease is caused by the fungus Venturia saliciperda and can cause leaf spots, defoliation, and thinning of the tree. To manage this disease, applying fungicides during wet weather conditions and practicing good sanitation by removing fallen leaves and branches can help reduce the severity of the disease.
- Root rot: This disease can be caused by several types of soil-borne fungi and can cause the roots to become soft and mushy. To manage this disease, planting in well-drained soil, avoiding overwatering, and removing infected trees can help prevent the spread of the disease.
Pest Management
Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. mackenzieana is also susceptible to several types of pests, including:
- Aphids: These insects can cause yellowing of leaves and sticky honeydew buildup on the foliage. To manage this pest, releasing natural predators such as ladybugs or lacewings or applying insecticidal soap can be effective.
- Willow leaf beetles: These beetles can cause defoliation, resulting in stunted growth and reduced vigor of the tree. To manage this pest, applying insecticides and practicing good sanitation by removing fallen leaves can help reduce the severity of the damage.
- Caterpillars: These insects can cause defoliation and can be controlled by releasing natural predators or applying insecticides.
