Origin
Rhus commiphoroides Engl. & Gilg is a plant species commonly found in the African continent. It typically grows in woodland and scrub vegetation in the eastern part of South Africa, especially in the regions of KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga.
Common Names
A number of common names are associated with Rhus commiphoroides, including the African poison ivy, poison ivy tree and gum sumac. In the Zulu language, it is called "umThunzi wamanzi" meaning "water shield".
Uses
Despite its toxic properties, Rhus commiphoroides has various medicinal uses. The plant's bark and leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat snakebites, fever, and skin irritations. The gum is also used as a glue and in the manufacture of ink. In addition, the plant has ornamental value, as it offers shade, a display of beautiful fall colors, and creates cover for ground-nesting birds.
General Appearance
Rhus commiphoroides is a deciduous tree or large shrub that can grow up to 15 meters high. The tree has a rounded crown and a bole of up to 60cm diameter. Its leaves are alternate, paripinnately compound, shiny dark green, and 6-9 leaflets per leaf. During the autumn, its leaves turn a bright red or orange color before falling. Rhus commiphoroides flowers from December to March, producing elongated red flower spikes. The fruit is a small round reddish-brown drupe that contains a single seed.
Light Requirements
Rhus commiphoroides is a sun-loving plant that requires at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day. It can tolerate partial shade, but full shade should be avoided as it can lead to leggy growth and decreased flowering.
Temperature Requirements
The optimal temperature range for Rhus commiphoroides growth is between 20-30°C (68-86°F). It can tolerate temperatures as low as 10°C (50°F) and as high as 38°C (100°F). However, prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures can cause damage to the plant.
Soil Requirements
Rhus commiphoroides grows well in well-draining soils with a pH range of 6.0-7.5. It can tolerate a variety of soil types, including sandy, loamy, and rocky soils. However, it prefers soils rich in organic matter. It is important to avoid waterlogging the soil as it can cause root rot and other fungal diseases.
Cultivation Methods
Rhus commiphoroides Engl. & Gilg, commonly known as the African wax tree, is a drought-tolerant shrub that can grow up to 3 meters tall. To cultivate this plant, start by selecting a site that receives full sun and has well-draining soil. Dig a hole two times larger than the root ball and mix in compost or well-rotted manure to improve the soil's fertility. Place the plant in the hole, water thoroughly, and mulch around the base to conserve soil moisture.
The African wax tree prefers warm temperatures and can tolerate mild frost but not prolonged freezing conditions. It is also resistant to pests and diseases, making it an easy-care plant for gardeners.
Watering Needs
While the African wax tree is drought-tolerant, it still needs regular watering until it establishes in the first year of planting. Water the plant deeply once a week, supplementing with additional watering during prolonged periods of dry weather. Mature plants can go without watering for several weeks, but it's best to check the soil moisture levels regularly to prevent the plant from becoming too dry.
Fertilization
Rhus commiphoroides Engl. & Gilg is not a heavy feeder and can thrive in poor soil conditions. However, you can apply a balanced fertilizer in spring to encourage growth and blooming. Use a slow-release organic fertilizer and follow the manufacturer's instructions on how much and how often to apply. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of flowering.
Pruning
The African wax tree does not require significant pruning, but you can shape it to control its size and improve its appearance. Prune it in late winter or early spring before new growth appears. Start by removing any dead, damaged, or weak branches. Then, cut back any tall or leggy stems to encourage branching and a bushier growth habit.
Propagation of Rhus commiphoroides Engl. & Gilg
Rhus commiphoroides Engl. & Gilg, commonly known as the East African Sumac, is a dioecious shrub or small tree native to East Africa. The plant has several medicinal properties and is commonly used in traditional medicine. Propagation of this plant can be achieved through various methods as described below.
Seed Propagation
The most common method of propagating Rhus commiphoroides is via seeds. The plant produces small, black, and shiny seeds, which can be collected and sowed in the spring. The seed should first be soaked in water for 24 hours to enhance germination. It is then sowed in a well-drained, fertile soil mix either in pots or in propagation beds. The soil should be kept moist throughout the germination period, which can take up to 4 weeks. Once the plant reaches a height of approximately 10 cm, it can be transplanted into the field or a larger container.
Cuttings Propagation
Rhus commiphoroides can also be propagated using stem cuttings. Hardwood cuttings are suitable for this plant and should be taken from the parent plants in the late autumn or winter when the plant is dormant. The cuttings should be approximately 20-30 cm long and have at least two buds. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings dipped in rooting hormone before being planted in a well-drained propagation mix. The cuttings should then be covered with a plastic bag to maintain high humidity levels and placed in a bright, warm location. The rooting process can take up to 3 months, after which the young plants can be transplanted into larger containers or field sites.
Division Propagation
Division propagation is another method that can be used to propagate Rhus commiphoroides. This method involves dividing the parent plant into several sections or clumps during the dormant period. The sections can then be replanted in new locations, either in containers or directly in the field.
Overall, propagation of Rhus commiphoroides can be achieved through various methods, including seed propagation, cutting propagation, and division propagation. Depending on the availability of resources and the intended use, any of the above methods can be utilized to achieve successful propagation.
Disease Management
Rhus commiphoroides is prone to several diseases that can affect its growth, yield, and quality. Some common diseases affecting the plant include:
- Leaf Spot: This is a fungal disease that appears as small, circular lesions on the leaves. The spots may merge and cause defoliation if not managed early. To manage leaf spot, prune affected leaves, ensure proper drainage, and apply fungicides.
- Crown Gall: This is a bacterial disease that affects the root and stem of the plant. It leads to the formation of galls, which disrupt the flow of nutrients, water, and hormones in the plant. To manage crown gall, adopt crop rotation, prune infected parts, and sterilize pruning tools.
- Powdery Mildew: This is a fungal disease that affects the leaves and stem of the plant, leading to the formation of powdery patches. It affects the photosynthesis and respiration processes in the plant, leading to reduced yield. To manage powdery mildew, prune infected parts, improve air circulation, and apply fungicides.
Pest Management
Rhus commiphoroides is also prone to several pests that can damage the plant. Some common pests affecting the plant include:
- Whiteflies: These are tiny, flying insects that suck sap from the leaves, leading to yellowing and wilting. They also excrete honeydew, which attracts ants and promotes fungal growth. To manage whiteflies, prune affected parts, release natural enemies, and apply insecticides.
- Aphids: These are small, soft-bodied insects that suck sap from the leaves, leading to curling and distortion. They also excrete honeydew, which attracts ants and promotes fungal growth. To manage aphids, prune affected parts, release natural enemies, and apply insecticides.
- Spider Mites: These are tiny, eight-legged pests that suck sap from the leaves, leading to yellowing and wilting. They also produce webbing, which covers the leaves and reduces photosynthesis. To manage spider mites, prune affected parts, improve air circulation, and apply insecticides.
Regular monitoring, sanitation, and cultural practices to maintain healthy plants can also help prevent and manage diseases and pests.
