Overview of Rhamnus cathartica L.
Rhamnus cathartica L., commonly known as Buckthorn or Purging Buckthorn, is a deciduous shrub native to Europe and Western Asia, but has been introduced in North America. The plant belongs to the Rhamnaceae family and grows up to 5-6 meters tall.
General Appearance
The shrub has a spreading habit, with spiny branches bearing dark green leaves that are smooth, glossy, and 6-12 cm long. The plant produces tiny, green flowers, which are replaced by red-black berries that contain four seeds. The bark of the plant is very dark and rough and can range from gray to black.
Uses
Rhamnus cathartica L. has been used for centuries for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes. The bark, fruit, and leaves of the plant have been used in traditional medicine to treat constipation, fever, gout, and skin diseases, among other conditions. The plant contains anthraquinone glycosides, which are strong laxatives that promote bowel movements. The berries are often used to produce a yellow dye for clothing and other items.
Non-medicinal uses of the plant include its use as a hedging plant, as well as a way to attract wildlife to an area. The plant is a food source for birds, especially during the winter months.
However, the plant's use as a laxative should be done with caution, as it can cause severe stomach cramps and vomiting if taken in large doses. The berries of the plant are also toxic to humans and can cause diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Light Requirements:
Rhamnus cathartica L. commonly known as Buckthorn requires moderate to full sunlight for optimum growth. Inadequate light may lead to stunted growth and a decrease in fruit production. In outdoor settings, it is recommended to plant Buckthorns in direct sunlight to ensure consistent and healthy growth.
Temperature Requirements:
Rhamnus cathartica L. is known to be a hardy and adaptable plant in various temperature conditions. It can thrive in temperatures ranging from -20°C to 40°C. However, Buckthorn prefers an average temperature range of 13°C to 24°C. In regions where the temperature frequently falls below -20°C, it is important to provide adequate protection such as mulching and covering to protect the plant from freezing.
Soil Requirements:
Rhamnus cathartica L. prefers moist and well-drained soils with slightly acidic to alkaline conditions. The plant is known to tolerate various soil types from sandy to clay, but it prefers loamy soils. It is recommended to avoid planting Buckthorn in soils with poor drainage, as it may lead to root rot and other infections.
Cultivation methods for Rhamnus cathartica L.
Rhamnus cathartica L., or common buckthorn, is a deciduous shrub native to Europe and Asia. When planting Rhamnus cathartica L., it is essential to choose a sunny or partially shaded location with well-draining soil. The ideal time to plant is either in the fall, after the leaves fall, or in early spring before leaf growth begins.
The shrub can adapt to most soil types, but it prefers moist soil and does not tolerate drought well. Rhamnus cathartica L. can grow up to 20 feet tall and is cold tolerant. It is hardy to USDA zones 3-7.
Watering needs for Rhamnus cathartica L.
It is crucial to keep Rhamnus cathartica L. well-hydrated, especially during the first few growing seasons. The shrub requires regular watering during the first summer and at least one inch of water per week thereafter.
It is essential to avoid overwatering the plant as it can cause root rot and other fungal diseases. Be sure to check the soil moisture regularly and only water when the top several inches feel dry to the touch.
Fertilization for Rhamnus cathartica L.
Rhamnus cathartica L. benefits from regular fertilization, especially if the soil is nutrient-poor. Apply a slow-release granular fertilizer in the early spring or use a liquid fertilizer every two to three weeks during the growing season.
Be careful not to over-fertilize, as it can lead to excessive growth without proper nutrient uptake and weakened shrub health. Check the fertilizer label for instructions on the appropriate amount to use, and avoid applying during periods of drought or hot weather.
Pruning Rhamnus cathartica L.
Rhamnus cathartica L. requires minimal pruning, except for occasional maintenance pruning to remove damaged or diseased branches, or to shape the shrub for better aesthetics. Prune during the dormant season, either in late fall or early spring before new growth begins.
Trim the side branches to promote growth at the base of the shrub and create a desirable shape. If there are any crossing or rubbing branches, remove them to prevent bark damage. During pruning, ensure to use sterilized pruning tools to prevent the spread of disease.
Propagation of Rhamnus cathartica L.
Rhamnus cathartica L., commonly known as common buckthorn, is a deciduous shrub that is native to Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. It is an important plant due to its medicinal and ornamental properties. The plant has several propagation methods; some of them are as follows:
Seed propagation
One of the primary propagation methods for Rhamnus cathartica L. is through seeds. The seeds of the plant are generally sown in fall, and they undergo stratification process (the process of chilling seeds). After stratification, the seedlings can be transplanted in the spring season.
Softwood cutting propagation
Rhamnus cathartica L. can also be propagated through softwood cuttings taken from new growths in early summer. The cuttings should be about 4 to 6 inches long, with at least two to three sets of leaves. They are then dipped in rooting hormone and stuck in a potting soil mixture. The cutting needs continuous moisture and warmth to root and develop.
Hardwood cutting propagation
Hardwood cuttings can also be used to propagate Rhamnus cathartica L. The process involves taking dormant hardwood cuttings from the parent plant during winter. The cuttings are about 8 to 12 inches long and have no leaves or green growth on them. They are then planted in a well-draining soil mix and kept moist till they develop roots.
Sucker propagation
Rhamnus cathartica L. also produces root suckers that can be used for propagation. The suckers should be removed from the parent plant when they reach about 4 to 6 inches long. They can be transplanted into a potting soil mixture and kept moist till they develop roots.
Disease and Pest Management for Rhamnus cathartica L.
Rhamnus cathartica L., commonly known as common buckthorn or purging buckthorn, is a shrub that is native to Europe and Asia. It is commonly used as an ornamental plant, but it can also be found growing wild in North America. Here are some common diseases and pests that may affect Rhamnus cathartica L. and how to manage them:
Diseases:
Crown Rot: Crown rot is a fungal disease that affects the roots and the base of the plant. The first symptoms of crown rot are wilting and yellowing of the leaves, followed by the death of the plant. To manage crown rot, it is important to remove any infected plants and to avoid planting Rhamnus cathartica L. in areas where this disease has been a problem in the past.
Leaf Spot: Leaf spot is a fungal disease that affects the leaves of the plant. The first symptoms are small, circular spots on the leaves that may be brown or black. As the disease progresses, the spots may enlarge and merge, causing significant damage to the plant. To manage leaf spot, it is important to remove any infected leaves and to avoid overhead watering to prevent the spread of the disease.
Pests:
Japanese Beetle:
Japanese Beetles are a common pest that can cause significant damage to Rhamnus cathartica L. The adult beetles feed on the leaves, leaving behind a lacy skeleton. If the infestation is severe, the plant may be defoliated. To manage this pest, it is important to handpick the beetles and drop them into a bucket of soapy water. You can also use insecticides, but be sure to follow the instructions carefully.
Aphids:
Aphids are another common pest that can affect Rhamnus cathartica L. These small insects feed on the leaves and excrete honeydew, which attracts other pests like ants and can lead to the growth of black sooty mold. To manage aphids, it is important to wash them off the plant with a strong stream of water or to use insecticidal soaps. You can also introduce natural predators like ladybugs or lacewings to the area to help control the population.
