Overview of Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin
Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin is a flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is a perennial shrub with a subshrubby habit and grows up to a height of 60 cm. The plant is native to Africa, particularly in the countries of Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. It is commonly found in semi-arid regions and rocky areas.
Common Names
Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin is commonly known as 'Korarka' or 'Gum Arabic plant' due to the presence of gum in its bark. In Sudan, it is known as 'Korarka' or 'Gedaref' while in Ethiopia, it is called 'Yarad'.
Appearance and Characteristics
The plant has an upright habit, and its stems are woody at the base but become herbaceous towards the tip. The leaves of the plant are narrow with serrated margins and are up to 5 cm long. The inflorescence of the plant consists of clusters of yellow flowers that bloom between August to October. The fruit is an achene, and the seeds are small and dark brown.
The plant is known for its medicinal properties, and its extract is believed to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. The gum of the plant is also used in confectionery, and it is a source of tannin used in leather industry.
Uses
Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. The plant extract is commonly used as a remedy for coughs, colds, and other respiratory tract infections. It is also used to treat skin conditions such as dermatitis and eczema. In Sudan, the plant is used to treat snakebites, and the juice of the leaves is believed to have a purgative effect.
In addition to its medicinal uses, the plant is also used for fencing, and its wood is used for fuel. The gum of the plant is used in the production of ink, while the plant itself has potential as a forage crop for livestock.
Overall, Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin is a versatile plant with many practical uses, particularly in traditional medicine and industry.
Light Requirements
Pulicaria incisa subsp. suffrutescens prefers full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. It can tolerate shade but may not flower as profusely as it would in full sun. In areas with intense sunlight, it may benefit from some afternoon shade.
Temperature Requirements
This plant is adapted to hot and dry conditions and can tolerate a range of temperatures. It can withstand temperature fluctuations and can tolerate both cold and frost, but it prefers warm temperatures. The optimal temperature range for growth is between 20°C to 30°C. In hotter regions, providing some shade during the hottest part of the day can be beneficial.
Soil Requirements
Pulicaria incisa subsp. suffrutescens prefers well-drained, sandy soils with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. It can tolerate some salt and is often found along coastal areas. Adding organic matter to the soil can improve its fertility and drainage properties. This plant has a shallow root system, so heavy or clay soils should be avoided.
Cultivation methods
The plant Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin is a perennial herbaceous plant that requires full sunlight to flourish. It grows well in well-drained soils, although it can adapt to a wide range of soil types. Ideally, the plant should be planted in fertile soils that have a pH ranging from 6.0 to 7.5.
Watering needs
The plant requires moderate watering. Overwatering should be avoided as it may cause root rot. The soil should be kept relatively moist but not waterlogged. During the growing season, the plant should be watered deeply once a week, and the topsoil should be allowed to dry out slightly before the next watering. During the dormant period, the plant should be watered sparingly, once every two weeks, to avoid waterlogging.
Fertilization
The plant requires regular fertilization to maintain healthy growth. Fertilizers containing a balanced amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are recommended. Fertilization should be done during the growing season, every two to three weeks, with a liquid fertilizer diluted according to the manufacturer's instructions. Over-fertilization should be avoided as it can cause excessive growth and reduce the plant's overall vigor.
Pruning
Pruning is necessary to keep the plant in shape and encourage new growth. The plant should be pruned in the early spring before the new growth appears. Dead, damaged, or weak stems and branches should be removed, and the remaining stems and branches should be pruned to the desired shape. The pruning should be done using clean, sharp tools to prevent damage to the plant. The plant can also be pinched back during the growing season to encourage branching and bushier growth.
Propagation of Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin
Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin can be propagated by both seed and vegetative means.
Seed propagation
Seeds of Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin should be sown in the spring. The seeds are small and should be sown on the surface of a well-draining, sandy seed starting mix. Press the seeds lightly into the soil to ensure good contact. Keep the soil moist until germination occurs, which typically takes two to three weeks. Thin the seedlings when they develop their first true leaves.
Vegetative propagation
Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. subsp. suffrutescens E.Gamal-Eldin can be propagated by stem cuttings taken in the spring or early summer. Choose healthy stems with several nodes and no flowers. Cut the stem into 4 to 6 inch sections, and make sure each section has at least one node. Dip the cut end into a rooting hormone and plant it in a well-draining, sandy potting mix. Water the cutting and keep it in a warm, bright location. After a few weeks, the cutting should root and begin to produce new growth.
Disease Management
Although there is limited information about diseases affecting Pulicaria incisa subsp. suffrutescens, some common fungal and bacterial pathogens may attack the plant. The most common fungal diseases affecting the plant include powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot. On the other hand, bacterial diseases such as bacterial leaf spot and bacterial canker may also attack the plant.
To manage these diseases, it is essential to maintain appropriate cultural practices in the garden. This involves proper watering and drainage, avoiding overcrowding the plants, and the removal of infected plant parts. Applying fungicides and bactericides may also help to control the spread of the diseases.
Pest Management
Insects and other pests may also attack Pulicaria incisa subsp. suffrutescens. The most common pests include spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. These pests suck sap from the plant, causing stunted growth and yellowing of leaves. Additionally, the plant may attract snails and slugs, which can cause significant damage to the foliage.
One of the most effective ways of managing pests is through the use of natural or organic methods. These may include introducing beneficial insects such as ladybugs to the garden to feed on the harmful pests. Using insecticidal soap or neem oil can also help to control the spread of the pests. Additionally, putting up physical barriers such as a copper tape or using a beer trap can deter snails and slugs from feeding on the plant.
