Origin
Pterocarpus santalinus L. f., also known as Red sanders or Chandan, is a species of tree native to the southern region of India. It is widely found in the Eastern Ghats and parts of South India like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu.
Common Names
The Red sanders tree is also known by several other names in different regions of India. Some of the common names are Raktha Chandan, Lal Chandan, Raktachandan, Agaru, and Sappanga.
Uses
Red sanders is an economically important tree species for its high-quality wood and medicinal value. It is highly valued for its red-colored hardwood, which is sought after for use in making furniture, musical instruments, and carving. The wood is also used in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine for various ailments. The roots and bark are noted to have antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties.
However, over-harvesting and illegal trade have led to the tree being classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
General Appearance
The Red sanders tree can grow up to a height of 30 meters and has a diameter of about 1.5 meters. Its leaves are pinnately compound, with oblong leaflets that are about 3-9 cm long. The flowers of the tree are small and yellowish-green in color, borne in panicles at the end of branches. The fruit of the tree is a flat pod that is about 6-12 cm long, containing one or two seeds. The tree's most distinctive feature is its heartwood, which is a deep reddish color and has a distinct fragrance.
Light Requirements
Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. grows best in full sun to partial shade. It requires high light intensity to ensure successful growth and flowering. Direct sunlight for at least 6 hours daily is recommended for optimal growth.
Temperature Requirements
The plant prefers warm temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C. It can, however, tolerate temperatures of up to 40°C. The minimum temperature that the plant can tolerate without damage is around 15°C. Extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, should be avoided as they can stress the plant and hinder growth.
Soil Requirements
Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. grows well in well-draining soil that is fertile and has good water retention capability. A slightly acidic to neutral soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 is optimal for the growth of the plant. The soil should be rich in organic matter and have good airflow to prevent waterlogging, which can be detrimental to the plant’s growth.
Cultivation methods
The plant Pterocarpus santalinus L. f., commonly known as Red Sandalwood, thrives in warm and humid conditions. It grows best in well-draining soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. The plant can be propagated through seeds or stem cuttings. Seeds should be soaked in water overnight before planting. Stem cuttings should be taken in the spring or early summer and should include two or three nodes.
Watering needs
Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. needs regular watering, especially during the growing season. It is important not to overwater the plant, as this can cause root rot. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. In the winter, watering can be reduced, allowing the soil to dry out slightly before watering again.
Fertilization
The plant can benefit from regular fertilization during the growing season. A balanced fertilizer, high in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, can be applied every two weeks. Organic fertilizers such as compost or manure can also be used to improve soil fertility.
Pruning
Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. can be pruned to control its shape and size. Pruning should be done in the late winter or early spring before new growth appears. Dead or diseased branches should be removed, and the plant should be thinned out to improve air circulation. Heavy pruning should be avoided, as this can damage the plant and reduce its flowering potential.
Propagation Methods of Pterocarpus santalinus L. f.
Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. or red sanders is a highly valuable and endangered tree species native to India. Its propagation can be done in several ways, including:
Seed Propagation
Red sanders produce seeds that can be collected during the harvesting season from October to February. These seeds should be sown immediately after collection, preferably in a well-draining soil mix that mimics the natural habitat of the plant. Germination can take up to three weeks, and the seedlings should be kept in a partially shaded area with misting to prevent drying out.
Cuttings Propagation
Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. can also be propagated through semi-hardwood cuttings taken during the months of July to September. These cuttings should be treated with a rooting hormone before planting in a soil mix that drains well. Covering the cuttings with a plastic bag or a glass jar can create a humid environment that helps encourage rooting. Rooting can take up to 6 weeks, after which the rooted cuttings can be transferred to individual pots.
Layering Propagation
Another propagation method for red sanders is layering, which involves bending a low, young branch of the plant and covering it with soil. After a few months, the covered portion of the branch will produce roots. At this point, the rooted branch can be cut from the parent plant and transferred to an individual pot. Layering can be a bit time-consuming, but it is a reliable propagation method for red sanders.
Disease Management
Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. is susceptible to various fungal diseases, such as root rot, leaf spot, and stem canker. The best way to prevent such diseases is to ensure proper sanitation practices, including removing and destroying infected plant debris. Avoid overwatering, as it can lead to root rot. Provide adequate spacing between plants to promote air circulation, which reduces the chances of fungal growth. Application of fungicides can also be helpful in controlling fungal diseases, although it is crucial to select the appropriate fungicide for the specific disease.
Pest Management
There are several pests that can attack Pterocarpus santalinus L. f., including mealybugs, scale insects, and spider mites. Mealybugs can be controlled by using a horticultural oil spray or by introducing natural predators, such as ladybugs or lacewings, to the garden. Scale insects can be removed by hand or with a forceful stream of water. Spider mites can be controlled by using insecticidal soap. Regularly inspecting the plant and promptly removing any infested branches can also help prevent the spread of pests.
