Overview
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. is a species of plant in the Rubiaceae family. It is native to South America, particularly in Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. It is known for its medicinal and psychological properties, which have been used traditionally by indigenous people.
Common Names
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. is commonly known as "Mamaquilla," "Ninaquilla," or "Chacruna Chagra."
Appearance
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. is a perennial shrub that can grow up to 3 meters in height. It has elongated leaves that are bright green in color, with pointed tips and a length of up to 20 cm. The plant also produces small, fragrant, white flowers that bloom throughout the year.
The plant's fruit is a small, red berry that contains one or two seeds. The seeds are black and ovoid and have a bitter taste.
Uses
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. has a long history of use in traditional medicine. The plant contains alkaloids such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is a psychedelic compound that can induce altered states of consciousness.
In the Amazon region, indigenous people use the plant in shamanic rituals to induce altered states of consciousness, gain insights, and communicate with spirits.
Aside from its psychological properties, Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. is also used to treat various ailments such as headaches, fever, stomachache, and rheumatism. The plant's leaves are often used to make tea or crushed into a paste and applied topically to relieve pain and inflammation.
However, it is important to note that the consumption of Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. requires caution and expertise due to the potential psychological effects of DMT. It is illegal in many countries, and its use should only be done under guidance from a qualified shaman or spiritual healer.
Light Requirements
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. is a shade-loving plant that grows in the understory of its natural habitat. Therefore, this plant prefers low to medium levels of light. It cannot tolerate direct sunlight, which can scorch its leaves and stunt its growth. Therefore, it should be grown under the shade of taller trees or in indoor conditions where it can receive filtered light.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. is between 20°C to 28°C (68°F to 82°F). Although it can tolerate temperatures as low as 12°C (54°F) and as high as 35°C (95°F), it prefers a mild temperature range. It cannot withstand frost or freezing temperatures and should be protected in winter. Maintaining a consistent temperature is ideal for its growth and development.
Soil Requirements
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. thrives in moist, well-drained, and slightly acidic soil. The pH range of the soil should be between 5.5 to 6.5. It prefers nutrient-rich soil and can benefit from the addition of organic matter such as compost or leaf litter. A soil mix should contain a blend of soil, sand, and organic materials. The plant should not be overwatered, as it can cause root rot. It is important to allow the soil to dry out slightly before watering.
Cultivation of Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr.
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. is a tropical plant that requires warm and humid conditions. It can be grown in pots, containers, or directly in the ground, depending on the availability of space and resources. It prefers well-draining, fertile, and slightly acidic soil, enriched with organic matter. The plant is sensitive to cold temperatures and frost, so it is essential to protect it during the winter season.
Watering Needs of Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr.
The plant needs regular watering, especially during the growing season. It prefers moist but not waterlogged soil, so it is important to avoid overwatering, as it can lead to root rot. Water the plant thoroughly when the top layer of soil feels dry to the touch. During the dormant period, reduce watering frequency, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings.
Fertilization of Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr.
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. benefits from regular fertilization with a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer. Apply the fertilizer during the growing season, every 2-3 weeks, following the manufacturer's instructions. Avoid applying too much fertilizer, as it can burn the roots and lead to nutrient toxicity. During the dormant period, reduce fertilization frequency, or stop it completely.
Pruning of Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr.
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. responds well to pruning, which helps to control its size and shape. Prune the plant after the blooming period, by cutting back the old stems to encourage bushier growth. Remove any dead or damaged branches to maintain the plant's health and vigor. Use sharp and clean pruning tools to avoid injuring the plant, and dispose of the pruned material properly.
Propagation of Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr.
Propagation is the process of multiplying a plant for commercial and ornamental purposes. Psychotria bicarinata is propagated mainly by seed or stem cuttings.
Propagation by Seed
Psychotria bicarinata produces fruit that develops dark, fleshy drupes containing one or two seeds. The seeds are dispersed by birds, and they can also be planted manually. The seeds can be germinated in a germination medium composed of peat and perlite. The germination medium should be kept moist and placed in a warm and brightly lit area. Seeds generally take around 30 to 40 days to germinate.
Propagation by Stem Cuttings
Stem cuttings are taken during the active growth period when the plant is producing new shoots. The cuttings should be approximately 10 to 15 cm long and must be taken from healthy plants. The cuttings are planted in a rooting medium composed of peat and perlite. After planting the cuttings, they are kept in a warm and humid environment with medium to bright light conditions. Rooting generally occurs within 3 to 4 weeks.
Disease and Pest Management for Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr.
Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr., commonly known as "carisso," is a shrub commonly found in the Amazon rainforest. Like any other plant, it is vulnerable to several diseases and pests that can damage it. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect the plant and ways to manage them:
Diseases:
Leaf Spot: Leaf spot is a fungal disease that affects the leaves. It causes the leaves to have spots and eventually fall from the plant. To manage this disease, it is essential to remove all the infected leaves and dispose of them away from the plant. It is also best to avoid overhead irrigation to prevent water from accumulating on the leaves.
Rust: Rust is another fungal disease that can affect the leaves, stems, and fruit of the plant. It appears as small, yellowish-orange bumps on the underside of the leaves, which eventually develop into black spots. To manage rust, it is necessary to apply a copper fungicide before the symptoms appear. It is also best to remove all the infected plant parts and dispose of them away from the plant.
Pests:
Aphids: Aphids are tiny insects that suck the sap from the leaves and stems of the plant. They can stunt the growth of the plant and reduce its overall health. To manage aphids, it is best to apply insecticidal soap or oil to kill them. It is also recommended to plant companion plants like marigolds, which repel aphids.
Mealybugs: Mealybugs are another common pest that can affect the plant. They appear as small white, cotton-like masses on the stems and leaves of the plant. Mealybugs can also secrete a sticky substance that attracts ants. To manage mealybugs, it is best to remove them manually or apply insecticidal soap or oil. It is also essential to remove any infected plant parts and dispose of them away from the plant.
Overall, managing the diseases and pests that affect Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. requires proper care and attention from the gardener. With proper management, the plant can thrive and provide the desired benefits.
