Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert
Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert, commonly known as leatherleaf fern, is a fern species belonging to the Polypodiaceae family. It is native to North America, particularly in the Pacific Northwest region, from Alaska to California.
Common Names
In addition to leatherleaf fern, this plant is also commonly referred to as common polypody, rock polypody, and licorice fern. The names are derived from the plant's appearance and various medicinal uses.
Uses
Leatherleaf fern has a long history of use in traditional medicine. Native American tribes used the fern's rhizome to treat coughs and colds, as well as digestive problems. It was also used as a natural laxative and to promote milk production in nursing mothers. Today, the fern is still used in herbal medicine to treat various ailments such as digestive disorders, sore throat, and bronchitis.
The plant is also used in landscaping, particularly in rock gardens and shady areas. Its low maintenance and drought tolerant features make it a popular choice among gardeners.
General Appearance
Leatherleaf fern is a perennial plant that grows up to 30 cm in height. Its leaves are leathery and dark green, with a glossy appearance. The plant produces spores on the undersides of its leaves, which are used in reproduction.
Leatherleaf fern grows in rocky areas, along stream banks, and in other damp and shady habitats. It is typically found in areas with moderate to high rainfall, and can tolerate colder temperatures than other fern species.
Light Requirements
The plant Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert typically grows in partial to full shade. It can adapt to a range of lighting conditions as long as it is shielded from direct sunlight. Excessive sunlight can cause the leaves to yellow and wither.
Temperature Requirements
The plant Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert prefers cool to moderate temperatures ranging between 50 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. It is a hardy plant that can tolerate lower temperatures, but frost can damage or kill the foliage. Consistent temperature fluctuations can also lead to stunted growth.
Soil Requirements
The plant Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert requires well-draining and nutrient-rich soil. It thrives in neutral to slightly acidic soils with a pH range between 6.0 and 7.5. A mixture of peat moss, sand, and loam soil can provide the ideal soil composition. It is important to avoid compact soil that can prevent proper root growth and limit nutrient uptake.
Cultivation Methods
Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert is a hardy fern that is relatively easy to grow. It prefers to be planted in a location that has partial to full shade and moist, well-draining soil. The fern can be propagated through spores, division of rhizomes, or by planting a whole fern in the ground.
Watering Needs
The fern requires consistent moisture to thrive, but it is important not to overwater it. The top layer of soil should be allowed to dry out before watering again. During hot, dry weather, the fern may need to be watered more frequently.
Fertilization
Fertilization is not necessary for Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert, but it can benefit from a light application of a balanced fertilizer in the spring. Be sure to follow the instructions on the fertilizer package and avoid overfertilizing, as it can damage the fern. Additionally, a layer of organic mulch around the base of the fern can provide the nutrients it needs to thrive.
Pruning
Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert does not require pruning, but removing any yellow or brown fronds can improve the appearance of the plant. Gardening shears should be used to make a clean cut at the base of the frond. Pruning can be done at any time of year. However, it is best not to remove more than one-third of the fern's fronds at once, to ensure it continues to grow healthily.
Propagation of Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert
Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert, commonly known as the Columbia polypody, can be propagated by spores or division.
Propagation by Spores
To propagate by spores, collect spores from mature fronds that have released their spores. Place the spores in a sterile potting mixture, consisting of equal parts peat moss, perlite, and sand. Keep the potting mixture moist and place the container in a warm place with good air circulation. The spores typically germinate within two to three weeks.
Once the spores germinate, transfer the young plants to individual containers filled with sterilized soil. Keep the soil moist and place the containers in a partially shaded area. The young plants can be transplanted outdoors after they reach a height of about 2-3 inches.
Propagation by Division
To propagate by division, select a mature plant and carefully remove it from the soil. Rinse off the roots and examine the plant for any signs of disease or damage. Gently divide the plant into smaller sections, making sure that each section has a root system and a few fronds. Replant the sections in individual containers filled with moist, sterilized soil. Water regularly and keep the containers in a partially shaded area until the new plants have become established.
Disease Management
Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert is generally a sturdy plant that is resistant to many diseases. However, there are a few diseases that can affect it. One of the most common diseases is leaf spot. Leaf spot is caused by a fungus and can cause yellow or brown spots on the leaves. To manage this disease, it is important to remove and destroy any infected leaves as soon as possible. It is also important to avoid overhead watering as this can spread the disease. Fungicides may also be applied to help control the spread of the disease.
Another disease that can affect Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert is powdery mildew. Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that causes a white powdery coating on the leaves. To manage this disease, it is important to improve air circulation, reduce humidity and avoid overhead watering. Fungicides can also be applied to help control the spread of the disease.
Pest Management
Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert is generally not highly susceptible to pest infestations. However, there are a few pests that can affect it. One of the most common is spider mites. Spider mites are small insects that can cause yellow or brown spots on the leaves. To manage spider mites, it is important to regularly check the undersides of the leaves for signs of infestation. Regularly spraying the plant with water can also help control the infestation. Insecticidal soap or miticides can also be applied to help control the spread of spider mites.
Another pest that can affect Polypodium vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert is scale insects. Scale insects are small insects that resemble bumps on the leaves and stems of the plant. They can suck the sap from the plant and cause it to weaken and die. To manage scale insects, it is important to remove and destroy infected leaves and stems. Insecticidal oil or insecticidal soap can also be applied to help control the spread of the insects.
