Description of Pisum arvense L.
Pisum arvense L., commonly known as field pea, is a leguminous plant that belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is an annual plant that usually grows up to 1 meter in height. It has a slender stem that is covered with fine hairs and small leaves that usually consist of two leaflets with a tendril in between them. The leaves are dark green in color, and the tendrils help the plant to climb and support itself as it grows. The flowers of Pisum arvense L. are white or pink in color, and they appear in clusters of two to three at the base of the leaves. The plant is known for its edible seeds, which are commonly used in culinary preparations around the world.
Origin and Distribution
Pisum arvense L. is believed to have originated in Southwest Asia, and it has been cultivated in this region for thousands of years. It is widely distributed around the world, and it is now grown in many countries, including Australia, Canada, China, Europe, India, and the United States.
Common Names
Pisum arvense L. is known by many different names, depending on the region and the language. Some of the common names include field pea, dry pea, blue pea, dun pea, maple pea, and Austrian winter pea.
Uses
Pisum arvense L. is primarily cultivated for its edible seeds, which can be eaten fresh or dried. The seeds are rich in protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber, and they are a good source of vitamins and minerals. The seeds are used in a variety of culinary preparations, such as soups, stews, curries, salads, and stir-fries. They can also be ground into flour and used to make bread, pasta, and other baked goods. Field pea is also used as a forage crop for livestock, and it is grown as a cover crop to help improve soil fertility and prevent erosion.
Light Conditions
Pisum arvense L., commonly known as field pea, requires full sunlight to grow and produce a healthy crop. Therefore, it is important to plant this species in an open, well-lit area where it can receive adequate sunlight throughout the day. Shade or partial shade can significantly affect the growth and development of field pea plants.
Temperature Requirements
Field peas are cool-season crops and have a relatively short growing season. They prefer environments with moderate temperatures ranging from 50°F to 75°F (10°C to 24°C). These temperatures allow for optimal germination, healthy growth, and high yields. However, extreme temperatures above or below this range can significantly hinder field pea growth.
Soil Requirements
Pisum arvense L. grows well in slightly acidic to neutral, well-drained soils. Soil pH should range between 6.0 to 7.0 for optimal growth. The soil should have excellent drainage because these plants are susceptible to root rotting when moisture accumulates at the roots. Moreover, field peas are known to fix nitrogen into the soil, resulting in increased soil fertility. Therefore, soil fertility needs to be maintained, and regular soil testing is recommended to ensure the plant's proper growth and development.
Cultivation Methods
Pisum arvense L., commonly known as field pea, is a cool-season legume crop that thrives in well-drained, fertile soil. The ideal planting period for field peas is during the fall or spring season, depending on the climate. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 1-2 inches and spaced 2-4 inches apart in rows that are 18-24 inches apart.
The crop prefers full sunlight for optimal growth but can tolerate partial shade. Weeds should be removed regularly to prevent competition for nutrients and water. Crop rotation is recommended to prevent soil-borne diseases and to maintain nutrient balance in the soil.
Watering Needs
Field peas require consistent moisture throughout the growing season. The soil should be moist but not waterlogged. Overwatering can lead to root rot and other diseases. The crop should be watered deeply and infrequently, with about 1-2 inches of water per week, depending on the rainfall.
Fertilization
Field peas are capable of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere with the help of bacteria present in their roots. Therefore, they do not require excessive nitrogen fertilization. However, the crop can benefit from the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to soil test results. Fertilizers should be applied at the time of planting or before emergence.
Pruning
Field peas do not require extensive pruning. However, removing the top few inches of the plants when they reach 6-8 inches in height can promote branching and improve yield. Additionally, removing any damaged or diseased leaves can prevent the spread of diseases and pests.
Propagation of Pisum arvense L.
Pisum arvense L., commonly known as the field pea, is mainly propagated through seeds. The propagation methods for this plant include:
Direct Sowing:
Direct sowing involves planting seeds directly in the soil. Field peas are typically sown in the spring or fall. In colder weather, the seeds will undergo dormancy until the soil warms up. Seed rates generally vary from 70 to 160 kg/ha
Seed Drilling:
Seed drilling is an equipment-assisted sowing method that involves planting several seeds at a uniform depth in the soil. This method is widely used in commercial pea farming.
Transplanting:
Transplanting is an option for growing pea plants. This method involves cultivating seedlings in pots or trays and then transplanting them into the field when they are mature enough. This method is not very common for field peas and is usually reserved for gardeners.
Cuttings:
Field peas cannot be propagated using stem or leaf cuttings. The only way to propagate Pisum arvense L. is through seeds.
Disease and Pest Management for Pisum arvense L.
Pisum arvense L., commonly known as field pea, belongs to the family Fabaceae. Like many plants, field peas can be affected by various diseases and pests that can cause great damage and reduce yields. Here are some common diseases and pests that affect field peas:
Diseases
Fusarium wilt: This is a soil-borne fungal disease that is usually prevalent in areas with high moisture. It causes wilting and yellowing of the leaves, stunted growth, and discoloration of the stems. To control this disease, practice crop rotation with non-host plants, remove and destroy infected plant debris, use certified seed, and practice good field hygiene.
Root rots: These are fungal diseases that attack the roots, leading to stunted growth, yellowing of the leaves, and plant death. To manage root rots, implement crop rotation, avoid excess moisture, and use seed treatments.
Pea weevil: This is a common pest of field peas. The adults feed on the plant's foliage, and the larvae feed on the developing seeds, causing significant yield loss. To manage pea weevils, rotate crops with non-host plants, use pheromone traps, use certified seed, and practice field hygiene.
Aphanomyces euteiches: This is a soil-borne fungal disease that affects the roots and the lower stem of the plant. It causes wilting, yellowing, and poor growth. To manage this disease, avoid planting in poorly drained soil and practice crop rotation.
Pest Management
Aphids: These are sap-sucking insects that can cause wilting, stunted growth, and reduced yields. They can be controlled through regular scouting and the use of insecticides as per the recommended rates.
Wireworms: These are common pests of field peas that feed on the roots and stems of the plant. They can be managed by rotating crops with non-host plants, using certified seed, and using insecticides.
Pea leaf weevil: This is another common pest of field peas that feeds on the foliage. Infestations can cause significant yield loss. To manage this pest, rotate crops with non-host plants, use pheromone traps, and practice field hygiene.
Overall, a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical control methods is essential in managing diseases and pests in field peas. The use of integrated pest management (IPM) practices will help mitigate the impact of these factors on the plant, leading to healthier plants and better yields.
