Origin and Common Names
Phaseolus coccineus L. is a climbing plant native to South America, specifically to the Andean region. It is commonly known as runner bean or scarlet runner bean, and it belongs to the Fabaceae family.
General Appearance
The runner bean plant is a perennial legume that can grow up to 3 meters tall, though it is often grown as an annual. It has a sturdy stem that can climb by twining around supports like trellises, poles, or other plants. The leaves are green and consist of three large heart-shaped or oval-shaped leaflets. The flowers are bright red or pink and have five petals arranged in a characteristic shape, which makes them highly decorative. The fruits are beans that are green when young and turn purple or black when mature. They contain 4-6 seeds that vary in color from white to beige, brown, or black.
Uses
Runner beans are a nutritious food source that provides carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, and minerals like iron, magnesium, and potassium. They can be eaten cooked or raw, and they have a slightly sweet, nutty flavor. The young pods can be picked and cooked like green beans, while the mature beans can be shelled and cooked like other legumes. The seeds can also be sprouted and used as a salad ingredient or added to sandwiches and wraps. In addition to their nutritional value, runner beans are also used for ornamental purposes, as the vines, flowers, and beans can add a splash of color to gardens and landscapes.
Light Requirements
Phaseolus coccineus L. requires full sun exposure to grow optimally. It needs at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily. Insufficient light may result in a lack of flowering and a decrease in yield.
Temperature Requirements
Phaseolus coccineus L. grows best in temperatures ranging between 18-27°C (65-80°F). Cool temperatures below 10°C (50°F) may stunt the plant's growth, while hot temperatures above 35°C (95°F) can cause heat stress and lead to plant withering.
Soil Requirements
Phaseolus coccineus L. prefers well-draining soils with a pH range of 5.5-7.5. It thrives in loamy soils that are rich in organic matter. The soil should have good water-holding capacity to ensure consistent moisture for optimal growth. Adequate aeration is also necessary for the plant to take up nutrients efficiently.
Cultivation Methods for Phaseolus coccineus L.
The first step in the successful cultivation of Phaseolus coccineus L. is choosing the right location. The plant thrives in well-drained soil that receives plenty of sunlight and shelter from strong winds. The seeds must be sown directly into the soil, in rows that are 15 cm apart and at a depth of 5 cm. The recommended time for planting is when the soil temperature is above 10°C and after the last frost date.
The plant grows quickly once it germinates, and it requires support to climb. Therefore, a trellis or stakes should be added to the planting area for providing support for the plants to prevent them from falling. The plants should be spaced 5cm to allow for uniform growth and easy access during harvesting.
Watering Needs for Phaseolus coccineus L.
Phaseolus coccineus L. requires regular watering throughout the growing season. They do not thrive in soils that are too wet, making it essential to ensure that the soil is well-drained. On average, the plants will require 25-30mm of water per week. It is advisable to water early in the morning or late afternoon to reduce evaporation rates and risk sunscald, which can affect the growth and development of young plants.
Fertilization for Phaseolus coccineus L.
Phaseolus coccineus L. plants require adequate nutrition to produce healthy foliage and fruits. Therefore, it is essential to apply fertilizers regularly throughout the growing season. Compost or well-rotted manure can be added to the soil before planting. Then, once the plants start growing, a balanced liquid fertilizer can be applied every two weeks. It is essential to avoid over-fertilizing your plants to prevent root burn, which can damage plant roots, affecting their growth and yield.
Pruning for Phaseolus coccineus L.
Phaseolus coccineus L. is a climbing plant; therefore, it requires regular pruning to ensure healthy growth and development. The main advantage of pruning is that it encourages the growth of new shoots and prevents overcrowding. Additionally, it helps to reduce disease and pest attacks since damaged or diseased parts can be removed. The best time to prune your plants is after they have harvested the last pods. Cut the dead or unproductive parts of the plant, including the dry leaves and stem, to encourage new growth.
Propagation of Phaseolus coccineus L.
Phaseolus coccineus L. is commonly known as runner bean, scarlet runner, or multiflora bean. It is a perennial plant that belongs to the Fabaceae family. This plant is native to the tropical regions of Central America and South America. Runner beans are cultivated for their attractive flowers and edible beans. These plants are propagated through different methods, including:
Seed propagation
Seed propagation is the most common method of propagating runner beans. Seeds can be sown directly in the ground or started indoors and transplanted later. To ensure successful seed germination, seeds should be soaked in water for 24 hours before sowing. Seeds should be planted 2-3 cm deep in well-draining soil. Seedlings should emerge from the ground within 7-10 days, and they should be thinned to the desired spacing.
Cutting propagation
Runner beans can also be propagated through cuttings. For this method, take cuttings from the plant in late spring or early summer. Cuttings should be taken from the top of the plant, just below the growing tip. The cuttings should be approximately 7-12 cm long and should have 2-3 leaves. Remove the lower leaves and plant the cutting in well-draining soil. Keep the soil moist and warm, and the cutting should develop roots within several weeks.
Division propagation
Division propagation is another method of propagating runner beans. This method involves separating the roots of an established plant into smaller sections. This method is best done in early spring before new growth appears. Carefully dig up the established plant and separate the roots into smaller sections. Replant each section in well-draining soil, and water well.
Overall, runner beans are easy to propagate using different methods. Seed propagation is the most common and easiest way to propagate runner beans. Cutting and division propagation methods can be used to propagate runner beans, but they require more time and effort compared to seed propagation.
Disease and Pest Management for Phaseolus coccineus L.
Phaseolus coccineus L. is a bean plant that is prone to several diseases and pests that can affect its yield and growth. Here are some common diseases and pests that affect the plant, along with ways to manage them.
Common Diseases
Anthracnose: This is a fungal disease that causes the leaves to develop brown spots, and the pods to turn black and shrivel. To manage anthracnose, remove and destroy infected plant parts, apply a fungicide, and practice crop rotation to reduce the risk of reinfection.
Bacterial blight: This disease is caused by bacteria that live in the soil. The symptoms include water-soaked spots that turn yellow and brown. To manage bacterial blight, remove and destroy infected plant parts, and apply copper-based fungicides.
Mosaic virus: This is a viral disease that causes the leaves to develop a mottled appearance and stunted growth. To manage mosaic virus, remove and destroy infected plants, and control insect vectors by applying insecticides.
Common Pests
Bean beetles: These are small insects that feed on the leaves and pods, causing them to become distorted and discolored. To manage bean beetles, handpick and destroy the insects, and apply insecticidal soaps or insecticides.
Aphids: These small insects suck the sap from the leaves and pods, causing them to become stunted and yellow. To manage aphids, use insecticidal soaps or neem oil, or attract beneficial insects such as ladybugs and lacewings.
Cutworms: These are caterpillars that feed on the stem of the plant, causing it to wilt and die. To manage cutworms, handpick them and destroy them, and use barriers such as collars to protect the plants.
In conclusion, managing diseases and pests in Phaseolus coccineus L. requires a combination of cultural and chemical management strategies. By identifying the problem early and taking appropriate steps, growers can minimize damage and protect their crop.
