Overview
Parmotrema perlatum, also known as the black stone flower, is a type of lichen commonly found in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. It belongs to the Parmeliaceae family, which is a common family of lichens.
Common Names
The plant is commonly known as black stone flower, Mothi churra, Kalpasi, Dagad phool, or Pattai in different regions of the world.
Appearance
Parmotrema perlatum is a leafy type of lichen that can grow up to a diameter of 10 centimeters. The lichen varies in color from brown to black and appears perforated with small holes. It is distinguished by its unique odor and earthy taste. The leaves of the lichen are similar to a fan or a flat blade, and they become curled and distorted when they become dry.
Uses
Black stone flower has been used in many traditional medicines including Ayurveda, and Chinese medicine. In Ayurveda, it is commonly used to aid digestion, relieve flatulence, and for treating respiratory disorders. In Chinese medicine, it is used to treat conditions related to the blood, such as menstrual irregularities and swelling. Black stone flower is also commonly used as a spice in many Indian dishes to enhance flavor and aroma, particularly in biryani.
Growth Conditions for Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) Choisy
Light: Parmotrema perlatum typically grows in partially shaded areas, including the understories of trees or rocky overhangs. Too much direct sunlight can harm or kill the plant.
Temperature: Parmotrema perlatum is a tolerant species that can survive in a wide range of temperatures. However, it tends to thrive in mild to warm temperatures between 65-85°F (18-30°C).
Soil: Parmotrema perlatum is not a true soil-dwelling plant, as it is a type of lichen that grows on rocks, tree branches, and other surfaces. It can absorb nutrients and moisture from the air and water around it.
Moisture: Parmotrema perlatum needs a moderate amount of moisture to grow, but too much wetness can be harmful. It is typically found in areas with high humidity, such as rainforests or coastal regions, and can tolerate periodic droughts.
Other Conditions: Parmotrema perlatum has a high tolerance for air pollution and can even absorb heavy metals and other pollutants from its surroundings. It also thrives in areas with good air circulation and can be negatively impacted by still, stagnant air. The plant benefits from regular rain or misting, as it can absorb moisture and nutrients from these sources.
Cultivation Methods
Parmotrema perlatum commonly known as black stone flower is a lichen which can be grown indoors or outdoors. It is relatively easy to grow and requires minimal attention. As a plant that can tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions, it can be grown in many regions of the world.
When cultivating Parmotrema perlatum indoors, it should be kept in a cool, dry area with moderate to low light. The plant can be grown in pots or on rocks. When cultivating outdoors, it can be grown on rocks, trees, or soil.
Watering Needs
Parmotrema perlatum is drought tolerant and does not require regular watering. The lichen should be watered once every three to four weeks or when the growing medium is dry. Overwatering can cause the plant to rot.
When watering Parmotrema perlatum, it is crucial to use purified or rainwater as it is sensitive to pollutants in tap water.
Fertilization
Parmotrema perlatum is a slow-growing plant and does not require regular fertilization. Fertilization can be done once or twice a year during the growing season. A balanced fertilizer with equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be used.
It is essential to remember that too much fertilizer can be harmful to the plant and can cause it to die. Therefore, it is recommended to use a half-strength fertilizer solution on the plant.
Pruning
Parmotrema perlatum does not require regular pruning as it grows at a slow pace and maintains its shape. However, it is essential to remove any dead, damaged or diseased portions of the plant. Any black, dried out or brown areas should be trimmed off using sharp scissors.
Pruning should be done during the growing season and not in winter as the plant may go into shock. After pruning, make sure to clean the scissors with rubbing alcohol to avoid transferring any diseases to the plant.
Propagation of Parmotrema perlatum
Parmotrema perlatum, commonly known as black stone flower, is a lichen species that belongs to the family Parmeliaceae. It is a slow-growing epiphyte that thrives on the bark of woody plants. Propagation of this lichen can be done through two methods, namely vegetative propagation and spore propagation.
Vegetative Propagation
One way to propagate Parmotrema perlatum is by using vegetative parts. The primary method is by dividing the thallus. The thallus of Parmotrema perlatum is composed of a prostrate basal layer, which functions as an anchor on the bark, and an erect upper layer that produces reproductive structures. Propagation through thallus division is done by cutting the thallus into small pieces with a sharp knife or scissors. These pieces are then placed in appropriate conditions to encourage growth and development.
Spore Propagation
The second method involves propagation through spores. Parmotrema perlatum produces spores that are small, dust-like, and easily dispersed by wind. To propagate through spores, one should collect the spores from mature thalli and sow them on the appropriate substrate. The appropriate substrate for the spores is a mixture of peat moss, perlite, and sand. The substrate should be sterile to avoid contamination and should be kept moist by regular watering. The growth and development of the spores can be slow and may take several months before the appearance of the thalli.
Disease and Pest Management for Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) Choisy
Although Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) Choisy is a hardy lichen that can withstand extreme environmental conditions, it is not immune to diseases and pests. Below are some of the common diseases and pests that might affect this plant and ways to manage them.
Diseases
Phytophthora root rot: This disease is caused by a soil-borne fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, which attacks the roots of the plant, causing them to rot. Symptoms of this disease are wilting, yellowing, and dropping of the leaves. To manage this disease, it is essential to avoid overwatering and ensure proper drainage. The use of fungicides can also be applied.
Lichen spot disease: Although Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) Choisy is a lichen itself, it is susceptible to lichen spot disease caused by the fungus Rhizocarpon geographicum. Symptoms of this disease include the appearance of black spots on the lichen thallus. There is currently no cure for this disease, but good cultural practices such as proper pruning and sanitation practices can help prevent it from spreading.
Pests
Lichen mites: These are tiny arthropods that feed on the lichen thallus, causing it to turn brown and dry. Symptoms of infestation include the appearance of white or red spots on the thallus. To manage these pests, a simple washing with soap and water will usually suffice.
Snails and slugs: These pests are fond of chewing on the leaves of Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) Choisy. To manage them, it is essential to keep the soil free from debris and weeds, reduce watering, and remove any hiding places that snails and slugs might use, such as rocks and overturned plant pots.
In conclusion, frequent inspection of Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) Choisy will give an opportunity to prevent and manage any disease or pest that may arise.
