Overview of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is a type of lichen that belongs to the Parmeliaceae family. It is commonly called rusty shield lichen due to the rusty brown hue of its upper surface. The species is widely distributed throughout North America and other regions of the world.
The Appearance of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. has a foliose thallus that is composed of a lobed and flattened body. The upper surface has a brownish color, covered in a layer of soredia or isidia. The undersurface is pale and has short root-like structures called rhizines that attach it to the substrate.
Uses of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
In traditional medicine, Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is believed to have several therapeutic properties. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it useful in treating conditions such as arthritis and skin disorders. The lichen has also been used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, cough, and bronchitis. In addition, it is frequently used in dyeing fabrics, especially wool and silk.
Moreover, Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is an air pollutant indicator and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of ecosystems. It is a source of food for many animals, including deer and elk.
Finally, Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of secondary metabolites. These biologically active compounds, such as usnic acid, have shown anti-tumor and antibiotic activity.
Overall, Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. presents multiple potential uses and is an essential component of ecological niches.Light Requirements
Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is a photosynthetic plant that requires sufficient light to carry out its biological processes. This plant thrives best in shaded areas where it receives partial sunlight. Direct sunlight causes damage to the plant cells leading to reduced growth rates and lower survival rates. Therefore, it is crucial to provide adequate shade for optimum growth and survival of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
Temperature Requirements
Temperature plays a vital role in the growth and development of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl., and the optimal temperature range for this plant is around 15-25°C. High temperatures (above 30°C) lead to the drying up of plant tissues due to increased transpiration rates, while low temperatures (below 10°C) retard the physiological processes of the plant. This plant can thrive in a wide range of temperature conditions, but it requires consistent humidity to promote growth and development.
Soil Requirements
Although Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is an epiphytic plant that grows on the bark of trees, it requires specific conditions to survive and thrive. The plant needs a substrate that retains sufficient moisture to provide water and nutrients, yet remains well-drained to avoid waterlogging. The soil should have a neutral or slightly acidic pH ranging from 5.0-7.0 for optimal growth of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. Besides, the soil should be rich in nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorous, to facilitate growth and development.
Cultivation methods for Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is a type of lichen that grows on trees, rocks, and soil. Due to its epiphytic nature, it does not need to be grown in soil. It can be easily propagated by attaching a piece of the lichen to a surface using a thin layer of glue or by hanging it on a string or wire in a well-lit area.
Watering needs for Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. requires a humid environment to thrive but does not need to be watered directly. It obtains moisture from the atmosphere through its thallus, the plant's main body, and can absorb water even from the smallest amount of steam. The lichen also benefits from early morning dew and fog; this helps to keep it hydrated and healthy.
Fertilization of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. does not require fertilizers. It obtains all its necessary nutrients from the air, where it absorbs minerals, carbon dioxide, and water. It is also capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms, which enables it to grow well in nitrogen-deficient soils.
Pruning of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
There is no need to prune Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. The lichen does not have roots or stems, and it grows slowly, so there is no need for pruning. However, it is recommended to remove any debris that falls on the lichen to prevent it from being covered, which can block sunlight and reduce the absorption of nutrients from the air.
Propagation of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl.
Propagation of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is typically achieved through vegetative means. The following are the primary propagation methods for this plant:
Soredia propagation
Soredia are small asexually produced structures that detach from the thallus of the plant and can then grow into new organisms. In the case of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl., soredia are the most common means of propagation. They can be carried easily by wind or animals and deposited in new locations, allowing for new colonies of the organism to form.
Fragmentation propagation
Fragmentation is another common means of propagating Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. This method involves breaking off a piece of the thallus and allowing it to grow into a new individual. This fragmentation can occur naturally, such as when an individual is damaged, or it can be done intentionally to propagate the organism.
Culture propagation
Culture propagation involves taking a piece of the thallus and placing it in a nutrient-rich medium to grow. This is a less common method of propagation for Parmelia subsumpta Nyl., but it can be useful for research or conservation efforts.
Disease Management
One of the most common diseases that attack Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. is lichenicolous fungi. These fungi feed on lichens, including Parmelia subsumpta Nyl., and are therefore detrimental to the health of the plant. When lichenicolous fungi infect Parmelia subsumpta Nyl., the plant becomes weak and may eventually die. The best management strategy for this disease is to prevent the introduction of the fungi into the environment where the plant is growing. This involves careful monitoring of both human and animal traffic around the plant and ensuring that the environment is not conducive to the growth and spread of the fungus. If the fungus is already present, removing infected plant parts can help control its spread.
Pest Management
Several pests may attack Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. and cause significant damage to the plant. One of the most common pests is the lichen moth. The larvae of this moth feed on lichens, including Parmelia subsumpta Nyl., and can quickly defoliate the plant. Pesticides should be used as a last resort to control this pest as they can also harm beneficial insects. Instead, controlling the population of predators such as spiders and birds that feed on the lichen moth can help manage the pest.
Another common pest is grazing animals such as goats, sheep, and cows. These animals can eat significant amounts of Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. and damage or destroy the plant entirely. Excluding grazing animals from critical areas where the plant grows can help manage this pest.
Finally, excessive trampling and foot traffic can also harm Parmelia subsumpta Nyl. Care should be taken to avoid trampling on and crushing the plant while visiting the area where it grows.
