Introduction
Parmelia intestiniformis is a species of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. This lichen is commonly known by several common names, including the "Black Stone Flower" and "Kallurvanchi" in India.Origin
Parmelia intestiniformis is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is commonly found in the Himalayas, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, and some parts of Africa.Appearance
Parmelia intestiniformis has a unique appearance with a dark black and wrinkled look. The plant has a very rough texture with several branches. The lichen grows on rocks, stones, and trees but usually prefers limestone.Uses
Parmelia intestiniformis serves several medicinal and culinary purposes in various cultures. In India, this plant is commonly used in traditional medicine for its stomachic and stimulant properties. It is also added to food items to add flavor and aroma. Many studies have shown the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties of Parmelia intestiniformis. It is used in the treatment of various ailments such as inflammation, gastric ulcer, and liver disease. In conclusion, Parmelia intestiniformis is a unique and useful lichen with medicinal and culinary properties. With its dark black appearance and a rough texture, it can be recognized quite easily, mainly if found in the tropics and subtropics.Light requirements
Parmaelia intestiniformis prefers to grow in moderate light conditions. It can tolerate full sun exposure for short periods, but prolonged exposure to direct sunlight can damage the plant. In the wild, it is mostly found growing under trees or in shaded areas.
Temperature requirements
This plant species can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. However, it grows best in cooler temperatures, between 10 and 20 degrees Celsius. It can also withstand occasional frost and snow. In warmer temperatures, the plant tends to become dry and brittle and can't survive hot climates for long periods.
Soil requirements
Parmaelia intestiniformis is a versatile species that can grow on a variety of substrates. However, it prefers to grow on moist substrates such as rocks, tree trunks or decaying wood. It can survive in areas with low nutrient content and slightly acidic soils. The plant also requires good air circulation and high humidity levels for optimal growth.
Cultivation of Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach.
Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach. is primarily grown on rocks and trees. It prefers a humid environment and can tolerate both sunlight and shade. The best way to cultivate this plant is to mimic its natural environment. You can either use a tree or a rock as a substrate to grow the plant.
Before cultivating Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach., make sure the substrate is clean and free from contaminants. Any organic matter or dust can damage the plant. You can use a soft brush or compressed air to clean the substrate.
Watering Needs
The watering needs for Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach. are relatively low. The plant does not require much water and can handle periodic dry spells. Avoid over-watering the plant as it can cause root rot and other problems. The best way to water the plant is to spray it with a mist of water once or twice a week.
Fertilization
Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach. does not need fertilizer to grow. The plant is self-sufficient and can absorb nutrients from the air. Using fertilizer can harm the plant and lead to its death. Therefore, avoid using fertilizer to cultivate this plant.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach. The plant grows slowly and does not require regular maintenance. However, you can prune the plant to remove any dead or damaged parts. Use a pair of clean and sharp scissors or clippers to prune the plant. Make sure to clean the tools afterward to prevent any contamination.
Propagation of Parmelia Intestiniformis
Propagation of Parmelia intestiniformis can be achieved by different methods including vegetative and asexual propagation.
Vegetative Propagation of Parmelia Intestiniformis
In vegetative propagation, the plant is propagated through fragmentation. This method involves breaking off a part of the plant and attaching it to a new substrate. The broken off part should include both the thallus and the attachment points. The substrate should be suitable, damp, and a new location.
The cutting should be attached to the substrate, and the plant should be left undisturbed for a while to enable it attach and grow onto the new substrate.
Asexual Propagation of Parmelia Intestiniformis
Asexual propagation of Parmelia intestiniformis involves the formation of soredia or isidia.
Soredia are small clusters of algal filaments and fungal hyphae that are surrounded by a protective coating. They form on the surface of the thallus and can be easily detached and carried by wind or rain to form a new plant on a suitable substrate.
Isidia, on the other hand, look like tiny cylindrical tubes with finger-like projections. They grow on the surface of the thallus and can also be easily detached and carried by wind or rain to form a new plant on a suitable substrate.
Both soredia and isidia can be used to propagate Parmelia intestiniformis vegetatively.
Propagation by soredia or isidia is preferred since it results in genetically identical plants, while fragmentation may give rise to genetic variability.
Disease Management
There are several diseases that can affect Parmelia intestiniformis, including:
- Lichen simplex chronicus: This disease can cause itching and inflammation in the affected areas. It can be managed by reducing the exposure to irritants and by keeping the affected areas clean and dry.
- Lichen planus: This disease causes itchy and scaly patches on the skin. It can be treated with topical corticosteroids and antihistamines.
- Lichen sclerosus: This disease causes whitish patches on the skin that can become thin and easily tear. It can be treated with corticosteroid creams.
To manage these diseases, it is important to maintain good hygiene practices and avoid exposure to irritants. Topical creams and medications may also be prescribed by a doctor to help manage the symptoms.
Pest Management
There are a few pests that can affect Parmelia intestiniformis, including:
- Spider mites: These small pests can cause yellowing and wilting of the plant. They can be managed by spraying the plant with a mixture of water, dish soap, and neem oil.
- Scales: These pests can cause discoloration and distortion of the plant. They can be managed by wiping down the plant with a cotton swab soaked in rubbing alcohol.
- Mealybugs: These pests can cause a sticky residue on the plant and can attract ants. They can be managed by spraying the plant with a mixture of water, dish soap, and rubbing alcohol.
Regularly inspecting the plant and addressing any pest infestations promptly can help prevent damage to the plant. Additionally, practicing good sanitation practices and avoiding overwatering can also help keep pests at bay.
