Origin
Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vainio, also known as the hammered shield lichen, is a type of lichen that belongs to the Parmeliaceae family. This lichen is commonly found in Europe, North America, and Asia.
Common Names
The Parmelia cylisphora is commonly known by various names such as the hammered shield lichen, large shield lichen, and the hammerhead lichen.
Uses
Traditionally, the Parmelia cylisphora has been used for various medicinal purposes to treat ailments such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, and rheumatism. The lichen is also used for dyeing purposes, producing a yellow dye that is used in the textile industry. In addition to its medicinal and dyeing properties, Parmelia cylisphora is also used as an indicator of air pollution. This lichen is highly sensitive to sulfur dioxide, and a decrease in its population can indicate a decrease in air quality.
General Appearance
The Parmelia cylisphora is a foliose lichen with a thallus that ranges in color from greenish-gray to pale yellow. The thallus is thin, and the surface is densely covered with small lumps that give the lichen a hammered appearance. The upper surface of the thallus has a rough and scaly texture, while the lower surface is smooth and whitish in color. The Parmelia cylisphora typically grows on rocks, trees, and soil, and can reach up to 15 centimeters in diameter.
Growth Conditions of Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vainio
As a lichen species, Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vainio has specific growth conditions that it requires for optimum development. Below are the details concerning the typical growth conditions:
Light Requirements
As a result of its association with algae, Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vainio requires a moderate amount of sunlight for growth. This amount of sunlight can be best described as dappled shade, as it allows the lichen to perform photosynthesis while also preventing excess water loss.
Temperature Requirements
The growth of Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vainio is strongly influenced by the temperature of the environment. The optimal temperature range for growth is between 10 to 20 degrees Celsius, with temperatures lower than this range being unsuitable for growth.
Soil Requirements
Unlike most plants, Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vainio does not require soil for growth. Instead, this lichen species grows on rocks, trees, and other hard surfaces. The species has high tolerance levels for pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide and often grows in polluted urban environments.
Cultivation
Parmelia cylisphora is commonly found growing on rocks, bark, and soil in damp and humid areas. It can be cultivated in gardens, terrariums, and indoor spaces by following a few simple guidelines.
The plant prefers to grow in partial to full shade. A cool and damp environment is essential for the growth of Parmelia cylisphora. It is a good idea to keep the plant away from direct sunlight to prevent any damage to its delicate structure.
The ideal temperature range for growing Parmelia cylisphora is between 10°C and 25°C. The plant cannot withstand extreme temperatures and may die if exposed to freezing temperatures.
Watering Needs
Watering needs for Parmelia cylisphora are relatively low. However, it needs to be kept moist at all times. The plant should not be overwatered, as it can lead to the stagnation of water and cause root rot.
A good watering schedule to follow is to water the plant once a week and, depending on the humidity of the environment, increase or decrease watering frequency. The roots should be soaked in water for a few seconds and then drained to remove excess water.
Fertilization
Fertilization is not a significant concern when growing Parmelia cylisphora. The plant obtains its required nutrients from the air and surrounding environment. It is, however, important to avoid using any chemical fertilizers, as these can harm the delicate structure of the plant.
One possible source of additional nutrients could be to use a foliar spray consisting of diluted seaweed or fish emulsion. This would not only provide additional nutrients but also help to control any pests or diseases that may attack the plant.
Pruning
Pruning is not required for Parmelia cylisphora. It is a slow-growing plant that does not produce any new stems or leaves. Any dead or damaged areas can be gently removed using a pair of scissors to prevent any further damage to the plant.
It is essential to handle the plant with care during pruning, as its structure is delicate and can break easily. Any trimming should be done to maintain the plant's natural shape and size and not to force it to grow in a particular direction.
Propagation of Parmelia cylisphora
Propagation of Parmelia cylisphora can be done through asexual and sexual methods.
Asexual propagation
Asexual propagation of Parmelia cylisphora can be done through fragmentation. The lichen can be fragmented using a sharp blade or scissors and each fragment can be attached to a new substrate. The substrate can be a rock, tree bark or any other surface that can hold the lichen. This method is commonly used in lichen conservation projects where the population of a rare species needs to be increased.
Sexual propagation
Sexual propagation of Parmelia cylisphora involves the production of spores by the lichen. The spores are produced in the reproductive structures called apothecia. These structures are formed on the surface of the lichen and can be seen as small bumps. The spores are released from the apothecia and can be carried by the wind to new substrates. If the spore lands on a suitable substrate and environmental conditions are favorable, it germinates and develops into a new lichen thallus.
Overall, propagation of Parmelia cylisphora is a slow process and requires suitable environmental conditions and compatible substrates for the lichen to proliferate.
Disease Management
Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vainio attracts several diseases such as lichen planus, erythema multiforme, and graft-versus-host disease. These diseases can cause severe damage to the plant and lead to death. To manage these diseases, keep the plant's environment clean and healthy. Remove any diseased or damaged plant parts and avoid overwatering as it creates favorable conditions for diseases to thrive. Also, make sure the plant receives enough sunlight and has a proper airflow around it.
Pest Management
Several pests attack Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vainio, including aphids, mites, and scale insects, which can cause significant harm to the plant's health. To manage these pests, conduct regular inspections of the plant and remove any visible pest infestations. It would be best to prune away any damaged or diseased parts of the plant to minimize pest infestation. In addition, use insecticidal soap or neem oil to eliminate pests effectively. Also, make sure to keep the plant healthy and stress-free, allowing it to withstand pest attacks.
