Overview
Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. is a lichenized fungus that belongs to the Parmeliaceae family. It is commonly known as "caperata lichen" or "hammered shield lichen." The plant is widely distributed in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, especially in the temperate and boreal regions.Appearance
Parmelia caperata is a fruticose lichen that forms flat, irregularly-shaped lobes that measure around 2-5 centimeters wide. The lobes are intricately divided and resemble the shape of a leaf. The surface of the plant is pale green to olive green in color but can become brownish when it's dry. On the underside of the lobes, there is a network of white, cottony threads called rhizines that attach the plant to the substrate.Habitat and Distribution
Parmelia caperata grows in a variety of habitats such as trees, rocks, and soil. It prefers shaded and humid environments, and it can be found in forests, woodlands, and wetlands. The plant is widespread in both hemispheres and has been reported in Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Asia.Uses
Parmelia caperata has been used for centuries in folk medicine due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The plant contains several compounds such as usnic acid, atranorin, and parmelin that have shown to have medicinal benefits. Parmelia caperata has been historically employed to treat respiratory conditions like coughs and bronchitis, and to alleviate sore throats and mouth ulcers. In addition, the plant is used in the perfume industry to add a woody or floral scent to fragrances. It can also be used as a dye to obtain a yellowish or brownish color.Light Requirements
Parmelia caperata thrives in environments with low light intensity. This species typically grows in shaded areas where it receives sunlight for only a few hours per day. In some cases, it can tolerate partial sunlight, but too much light can have a detrimental effect on its growth.
Temperature Requirements
The optimal temperature for the growth of Parmelia caperata ranges from 10 to 20 °C. This species can tolerate extreme temperatures in the range of -30 to 30 °C. During the winter months, it can also survive in temperatures below freezing by becoming dormant.
Soil Requirements
Parmelia caperata is an epiphytic lichen that does not require soil for growth. Instead, it grows on the surface of rocks, tree trunks and branches, and other organic substrates. This species is commonly found growing on the bark of deciduous trees such as oak, elm, and maple.
Cultivation Methods
Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach., commonly known as Caperata lichen, is a species of lichen found growing on the bark of trees and rocks. It is a slow-growing lichen that requires minimal care and maintenance. The best way to establish Caperata lichen is by transplanting it from its natural habitat. Ensure that the transplantation location is humid, cool, and shaded.
Watering Needs
Caperata lichen does not require regular watering since it obtains all its nutrients and water from the surrounding atmosphere. However, during extended dry spells, misting with water every few days can be beneficial. Avoid using water that contains mineral salts.
Fertilization
Since Caperata lichen is not a vascular plant, it does not require fertilization. However, application of a foliar spray that contains seaweed extract, or micronutrients such as boron, iron, and zinc can enhance its growth and vigour.
Pruning
There is no need to prune Caperata lichen. However, you may want to remove any dead or damaged fragments gently. Avoid using any materials that may damage or scratch the thallus (the body of the lichen). Do not use pesticides or herbicides since they can be harmful to Caperata lichen and its environment.
Propagation of Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach.
Propagation is the process of generating new individuals from existing ones. Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach., commonly known as the Hammered Shield Lichen, is a fruticose lichen that reproduces both sexually and asexually.
Asexual Propagation
Asexual propagation in lichens occurs through fragmentation, where a piece of the thallus breaks off and grows into a new individual. Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. has a thallus with numerous lobes that can break off and attach to a new substrate. This method of propagation is more common in arid environments where sexual reproduction is difficult.
Sexual Propagation
Sexual propagation in lichens occurs through the production of spores. Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. produces spores in its apothecia, which are cup-shaped structures that contain the reproductive structures. The spores are released from the apothecia and can be dispersed by wind, water, or animals. When a spore lands on a suitable substrate, it germinates and grows into a new individual.
Sexual propagation is essential for genetic diversity in lichens since it allows for new combinations of mycobionts and photobionts. The mycobiont provides the lichen's structure and protection, while the photobiont produces energy through photosynthesis.
Cultural Propagation
Cultural propagation of Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. involves artificially growing the lichen under controlled conditions. This method is uncommon and mostly used for scientific research purposes.
Disease Management
Parmelia caperata is susceptible to various diseases caused by different fungal pathogens and infections. Common fungal diseases that affect Parmelia caperata are:
- Lichenicolous fungi: These fungi infect the thallus of Parmelia caperata and cause color changes, deformation, and eventual death. To manage this disease, it is recommended to remove affected thalli and avoid planting infected Parmelia caperata next to healthy ones.
- Phoma and Aspergillus fungi: These fungi cause discoloration, brown spots, and blackening of the thallus. The best management method for Phoma and Aspergillus fungi is to keep Parmelia caperata in optimal growth conditions, such as providing appropriate light, temperature, and moisture.
- Flavoparmelia caperata virus: This virus infects the thallus cells and causes chlorosis and necrosis. There is currently no known cure for the Flavoparmelia caperata virus, but it can be prevented by avoiding contaminated plant material and using only certified plants.
Pest Management
Parmelia caperata may also be affected by different pests that can damage or weaken the thallus. The most common pests that affect Parmelia caperata are:
- Snails and slugs: These pests can scrape the surface of the thallus, causing damage and affecting the overall health of the plant. To manage these pests, you can handpick them or use an organic slug and snail bait.
- Aphids: Aphids can infest the thallus and cause discoloration and deformation. To manage these pests, use an organic aphid insecticide, such as neem oil or insecticidal soap.
- Mites: These pests can infest the thallus and cause yellowing and discoloration. To manage these pests, you can use a miticide or organic insecticide, such as neem oil or insecticidal soap.
By practicing good cultural practices and promptly addressing any signs of disease or pest infestation, you can effectively manage and prevent any damage to Parmelia caperata.
