Overview
Pararistolochia macrocarpa (Duch.) Poncy subsp. soyauxiana (Oliv.) Poncy is a species of flowering plant in the family Aristolochiaceae. It is commonly known as "Dutchman's pipe" or "pipevine" due to the plant's distinctive flower shape, which resembles a pipe.
Origin
Pararistolochia macrocarpa is native to Mexico, particularly in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Veracruz. It can also be found in parts of Central America, such as Guatemala and Honduras.
Common Names
Aside from "Dutchman's pipe" or "pipevine," Pararistolochia macrocarpa also goes by several other names, including "crazy pipevine," "pelican flower," and "boca de sapo" (frog's mouth in Spanish).
Uses
Pararistolochia macrocarpa has been used for medicinal purposes by indigenous cultures in Mexico. The plant contains aristolochic acid, which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. However, the use of this plant has been controversial due to concerns regarding toxicity and potential adverse effects on human health.
General Appearance
Pararistolochia macrocarpa is a woody vine that can grow up to 10 meters in length. The leaves are heart-shaped and can reach up to 20 cm in width. The plant's distinctive flowers are curved and tubular, with a diameter of up to 15 cm. They are dark purple or greenish-brown in color and have a mottled appearance. The fruit is a large capsule that contains numerous seeds.
Light Requirements
Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana requires bright light but should never be exposed to direct sunlight as it can lead to sunburn. The plant can be kept near a south-facing window that provides bright light or under artificial light if natural light is not adequate. It is best to rotate the plant regularly to ensure it receives even light all around.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature for Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana to grow is between 18°C to 25°C. The plant does not tolerate extreme temperatures, and frost or high heat can damage or kill it. It is best to keep the plant in a place with a stable temperature where it is not exposed to sudden temperature changes or drafts.
Soil Requirements
The soil for Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana needs to be kept moist but allow proper drainage. The best soil type should be a mixture of peat, perlite, and sand, which can ensure adequate drainage and good water retention. The plant thrives best in slightly acidic soil with a pH of 6.5-7.0. It is essential to avoid letting the soil dry out entirely as it can harm the roots.
Cultivation methods
Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana is a deciduous, climbing shrub that prefers a sunny position with some shade during the day. The plant needs well-draining soil with high organic matter content, pH range between 6 to 7, and occasional applications of soluble fertilizer. Since it is a climbing plant, it requires support in the form of a trellis, arbor, or pergola.Watering needs
The plant needs frequent watering during the growing season to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Watering should be reduced during the dormant season and resumed when new growth appears in the spring. It is recommended to avoid overhead watering to prevent damage to the foliage and flowers.Fertilization
Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana benefits from regular applications of nitrogen-rich fertilizers. It is best to use organic fertilizers or slow-release granular fertilizers that provide nutrients over a more extended period. Fertilizer application should be stopped during the winter months to allow the plant to rest.Pruning
Pruning of the plant is necessary to remove dead or damaged branches, maintain its shape, and promote more vigorous blooming. The best time to prune the plant is during the dormant season when the foliage has fallen, usually in late winter or early spring. Only the damaged, diseased, or dead wood should be removed, and the cuts should be made close to the main stem to prevent stubs.Propagation of Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana
Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana can be propagated through different methods, such as seeds, stem cuttings, or layering. The propagation method chosen will depend on the availability of plant material and the desired outcome.
From Seeds
Propagating Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana from seeds requires patience because the plant can take up to one year to germinate. The best time to sow seeds is in the spring or early summer. The seeds should be sown in a well-draining soil mix and maintained at a temperature of 20-25°C. Once the seedlings have emerged, they should be transplanted to individual pots and grown until they are large enough to be planted outside.
From Stem Cuttings
Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana can be propagated from stem cuttings taken from mature, healthy plants. The best time to take cuttings is in the early spring when the plant is actively growing. Cuttings should be around 10-15 cm long and taken from the top of the stem. Dip the cut ends in rooting hormone and plant the cuttings in a well-draining soil mix. Water them regularly and keep them in a warm, humid place until roots have formed.
From Layering
Layering is another method of propagation for Pararistolochia macrocarpa subsp. soyauxiana. In the early spring, identify a healthy, low-lying branch and cover it with soil. Keep the soil moist and wait for roots to form. Once roots have developed, cut the branch from the parent plant and transplant it to a pot or suitable growing location.
Disease Management
Pararistolochia macrocarpa is susceptible to various diseases that affect its growth and productivity. The most common diseases that can affect the plant include;
Crown and Root Rot
This is a fungal disease that affects the roots and the crown of the plant. Symptoms of this disease include wilting, yellowing, and stunted growth. To manage crown and root rot, it is recommended to use well-draining soil and avoid over-watering. You can also use fungicides to prevent the disease from spreading.
Leaf Spot
Leaf spot is a bacterial and fungal disease that can cause yellow or brown spots on the plant. To prevent this disease, ensure that the plant is well-ventilated, and avoid overhead watering. You can also apply fungicides to the plant to manage the disease.
Pest Management
Pararistolochia macrocarpa is also susceptible to pest infestations that can affect its productivity. Some common pests that affect this plant include;
Aphids
Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on the sap of the plant. They can cause distortion and stunted growth of the plant. To manage aphids, you can use insecticidal soaps, neem oil, or ladybugs to control their population.
Spider Mites
Spider mites are tiny pests that feed on the underside of the plant's leaves. They can cause yellowing, wilting, and eventually, death of the plant. To manage spider mites, you can use insecticidal soap, neem oil, or acaricides.
