Origin
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana (E.M. Baxter) E.M. Baxter ex W.T. Marsh. is a cactus plant that belongs to the Cactacease family. It is native to California and can be found in the southeastern region of the state, particularly in the Mojave and Colorado deserts.
Common Names
This plant is commonly known as the Beavertail cactus due to the flat and round shape of its pads that resemble a beaver's tail. It is also called the Whitney's beavertail cactus in honor of the botanist Charles Whitney who discovered this variety.
Uses
The Beavertail cactus has been traditionally used by Native American tribes to make food, medicine, and clothing. The young pads are edible and can be consumed raw or cooked. They are a good source of vitamin C and other nutrients. The cactus has also been used to treat various ailments such as indigestion, rheumatism, and inflammation. Additionally, the tough fibers of the cactus were used to make clothing, baskets, and rope.
General Appearance
The Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana (E.M. Baxter) E.M. Baxter ex W.T. Marsh. cactus is a low-growing, spreading plant that can reach up to 40 cm in height and 1 m in width. Its pads are flat and round, measuring between 10-30 cm in length and 7-25 cm in width. The pads are blue-green in color and covered with small spines and clusters of fine hairs. In the spring, the cactus produces pink or magenta flowers that measure about 3-5 cm across. The flowers are followed by small, reddish-purple fruits that contain seeds.
Light Requirements
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana requires full sun to partial shade. When planted in areas with hot summer temperatures, it is best to provide some afternoon shade to avoid excessive sun exposure that may cause sunscald or dehydration of the plant.
Temperature Requirements
The plant can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, but it grows best in warm to hot temperatures. The optimal temperature range for growth is between 30 and 35°C. The plant is also cold hardy and can withstand temperatures as low as -12°C during the winter dormancy period.
Soil Requirements
The plant grows best in well-draining soil with good structure. It is adapted to grow in a variety of soil types, including sandy, rocky, and clay soils. However, it thrives in soils that have a pH of 6.0 to 7.5. The soil should also be rich in organic matter, and it is recommended to add compost or well-rotted manure to the soil to improve its quality.
Water Requirements
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana is a drought-tolerant plant that can survive long periods of water scarcity. However, it does need some water to remain healthy and produce fruits. It is recommended to water the plant deeply once a month during the growing season. When watering, it is best to avoid getting water on the leaves or stem as this may cause rot.
Cultivation
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana (E.M. Baxter) E.M. Baxter ex W.T. Marsh. is a hardy plant that requires minimal care and attention. It prefers a well-draining, sandy soil and a location with full sun exposure. It is important to plant this cactus in an area that is shielded from excess water, as standing water can damage the roots and lead to root rot. In areas with humid climates, it is recommended to plant the cactus in a raised bed to improve drainage.Watering Needs
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana (E.M. Baxter) E.M. Baxter ex W.T. Marsh. is a drought-tolerant plant that can survive long periods of time without water. However, it is important to water the plant regularly during the growing season to promote healthy growth and flowering. The frequency of watering will depend on the weather conditions and the soil type. As a general rule, the plant should be watered once a week during dry periods, taking care not to overwater as this can cause damage to the roots.Fertilization
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana (E.M. Baxter) E.M. Baxter ex W.T. Marsh. does not require regular fertilization, but it will benefit from occasional applications of a balanced fertilizer during the growing season. A slow-release fertilizer, applied once a year in the spring, is usually sufficient. It is important not to over-fertilize, as this can cause excessive growth and weaken the plant's structure.Pruning
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana (E.M. Baxter) E.M. Baxter ex W.T. Marsh. does not require regular pruning, but it is important to remove any damaged or diseased pads as soon as they are noticed. This will help to prevent the spread of disease and ensure the health of the plant. It is also recommended to remove any dead or yellow pads from the plant to improve its appearance and promote healthy growth. When pruning, it is important to use sharp and clean tools to minimize the risk of infection.Propagation Methods for Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana (E.M. Baxter) E.M. Baxter ex W.T. Marsh.
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana (E.M. Baxter) E.M. Baxter ex W.T. Marsh. propagates through vegetative methods. The most common method of vegetative propagation is through stem cuttings. The process involves taking a segment of the cactus pad and allowing it to dry for a few days before planting it in well-draining soil. Ensure that the segment is planted in the correct direction: the base should be inserted in the soil, and the end with the areoles should be pointing upwards.
The ideal time to take a cutting is during the early summer when the pads are actively growing. It is also essential to let the cut end of the pad callus before planting in the soil. Callus formation can be expedited by placing the cut segment in a warm, dry place for a few days.
Another propagation method is through seeds. However, seeds take a longer time to germinate compared to stem cuttings. The ideal time to sow seeds is in the spring or early summer. They require well-draining soil to prevent rotting. The seeds should be lightly covered with soil and kept moist. Seed germination occurs at a temperature range of 70-80°F.
Disease Management
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow var. whitneyana is prone to several diseases, including:
- Cacti Anthracnose: This is a fungal disease that causes the formation of dark lesions on the plant's stems. The infected plant parts eventually become soft and may dry out. To manage this disease, use a fungicide spray containing copper or sulfur, regularly remove infected plant parts, and maintain proper ventilation to prevent the accumulation of humidity.
- Bacterial Soft Rot: This is caused by bacteria infecting the plant through wounds or bruises. The infected areas are soft and watery, and the outline is often surrounded by a yellowish color. To manage bacterial soft rot, remove all infected plant parts and avoid mechanical injury to the plant. It is also essential to use sterile tools when propagating the plant and to avoid plant overcrowding.
- Erwinia soft rot: This is another bacterial disease that causes soft rotting of the plant. It is characterized by a foul smell, a wet appearance, and a dark color. The best way to manage this disease is by avoiding overwatering, which can create favorable conditions for bacteria. Remove and destroy all infected plant parts and provide proper ventilation.
Pest Management
The plant can also be attacked by several pests, including:
- Cochineal: This is a scale insect that feeds on the plant's juice and produces a white fluffy wax. It can cause yellowing and dropping of the plant's pads. To manage cochineal, use a jet of water to wash off the insect's waxy covering and then use a non-residual insecticide.
- Spider Mites: These tiny pests can cause leaf yellowing and stippling, which can lead to leaf death. They often thrive in dry conditions. To manage spider mites, keep the plant well-watered, and provide some humidity. Use insecticidal soap, neem oil, or a miticide to control infestations.
- Opuntia Stem Borer: This is a beetle that causes the plant to rot from the base. The adult beetles lay eggs on the plant, which hatch into larvae that burrow into the stem and feed on it. Regularly inspect the plant for any signs of stem borer infestation, and remove and destroy any affected parts. You can also use insecticidal sprays containing carbaryl or pyrethrin.
- Opuntia Mealybug: This is a small white bug that feeds on the plant's sap, causing yellowing and wilting. It produces a white, waxy substance that covers its body. To manage mealybugs, use a soft brush to remove the wax and then apply insecticidal soap or neem oil. You can also use a systemic insecticide containing imidacloprid.
