Origin
Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum (Prantl) Broun, commonly known as the California adder's-tongue, is a species of fern that is native to North America. It is found primarily in California, but also in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Oregon.
Common Names
Aside from California adder's-tongue, this plant is also referred to as the western adder's-tongue, California moonwort, or simply adder's-tongue.
Uses
The California adder's-tongue has a variety of uses in traditional medicine. Its roots have been used by indigenous communities for their antiseptic, astringent, and expectorant properties. The leaves have been used to treat respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and coughs. The plant contains high amounts of Vitamin A and has been used to treat sore eyes and the adder bites in the past.
General Appearance
The California adder's-tongue has a unique appearance with a single, spiky frond growing out of the ground. The frond is long and narrow and is divided into two parts, with a fertile spike-like structure at the top and a sterile green leaf below. The fertile spike is covered in light brown sporangia that contain the plant's spores. The plant typically grows to be around 10-20cm tall and is found in damp, shady areas such as forests and meadows.
Growth Conditions for Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum
Light Requirements: Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum is a shade-loving plant and grows well in partial or full shade. The plant cannot tolerate direct sunlight, which can cause damage to the leaves, ultimately leading to death of the plant.
Temperature Requirements: The plant prefers cool temperatures that range from 15°C to 25°C. Temperatures above 30°C can be detrimental to the plant’s growth and development. During the winter season, it is essential to protect the plant from frost and extreme cold temperatures.
Soil Requirements: Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum prefers moist and well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter. The ideal soil pH for the plant is between 4.5 and 6.0. The plant cannot tolerate waterlogged soils, which can lead to the development of root rot, ultimately killing the plant.
Water Requirements: The plant requires regular watering, and the soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. During the growing season, the plant requires regular watering, and the soil should not be allowed to dry out completely. However, during the winter season, watering should be reduced to prevent waterlogging and root rot.
Nutrient Requirements: Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum requires regular feeding with a balanced fertilizer. The fertilizer should be applied during the growing season to support healthy growth and development of the plant. Additionally, the plant requires regular application of organic matter to maintain healthy soil structure and fertility.
Air Humidity Requirements: The plant prefers humid conditions and cannot tolerate very dry air. It is essential to maintain moderate humidity levels to prevent the plant from drying out. Additionally, it is recommended to mist the plant regularly to maintain high humidity levels.
Cultivation methods
Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum (Prantl) Broun, also known as the California adder's tongue, is a fern species that can be grown both indoors and outdoors. For indoor cultivation, it requires a bright spot, away from direct sunlight. For outdoor cultivation, it prefers a spot with light shade and well-draining soil.
Watering needs
The California adder's tongue requires regular watering to keep the soil consistently moist. However, it's important not to overwater the plant, as it can lead to root rot. As a general rule, water the plant when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch.
Fertilization
To promote healthy growth and development, the California adder's tongue benefits from regular fertilization. Use a balanced fertilizer once a month during the growing season (spring and summer). You can also use an organic fertilizer that is specifically formulated for ferns.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for the California adder's tongue. However, you can remove any old or damaged fronds as needed to improve the plant's appearance. Be sure to use a clean, sharp pair of scissors or pruning shears and cut the frond as close to the base of the plant as possible.
Propagation methods for Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum
Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum or California adder's tongue is a fern that grows in wet areas, such as meadows, swamps, and bogs. Propagation of this plant can be done through spores or division of rhizomes.
Propagation through spores
Propagation through spores is the conventional method of propagating ferns. Spores are tiny dust-like structures found on the underside of the fronds. These spores are collected and sowed onto a suitable growing medium, which is usually a mixture of peat and sand. The medium must be sterile as spores are vulnerable to fungal attack. The best time for spore collection is during the summer when the fronds are green and fertile.
After sowing the spores onto the growing medium, the container must be covered to prevent dehydration. The container should be placed in an area with good light, but not under direct sunlight. In about two to three weeks, the spores will start to germinate and grow into tiny green plants. After two months, the tiny plants can be transferred into pots and grown for about a year before transplantation.
Propagation through division of rhizomes
The second propagation method for Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum is through the division of the rhizomes. This method involves removing a part of the rhizome and potting it in suitable growing medium. The best time to divide the rhizomes is during the early spring before new growth starts.
To divide the rhizomes, the roots and fronds are first removed from the plant. Then, the rhizomes are separated at the base into smaller sections. The smaller sections are then potted into the growing medium and placed in a shady location. The rhizomes should be kept moist and not allowed to dry out.
After a few weeks, new growth will emerge from the rhizomes. The plants can be grown indoors for several months before transplanting outdoors in the fall or spring.
Disease Management
Despite being a hardy plant, Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum (Prantl) Broun may still be susceptible to several diseases that could cause severe damage if left untreated. Here are some common diseases that may affect this plant:
Leaf spot
Leaf spot is a fungal disease that causes brown or black spots on the foliage. To manage this disease, remove the infected leaves and dispose of them properly. You may also apply a copper-based fungicide to prevent further growth and spread of the disease.
Root rot
Root rot is a common problem in plants grown in moist soil. It is caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens that attack the roots, leading to the plant's decline. To manage this disease, remove the affected plant from the pot, remove any affected root parts, and replant in a new container with fresh soil. You may also treat the remaining roots with a fungicide to prevent further spread of the disease.
Viral infections
Viral infections may also affect Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum (Prantl) Broun, causing deformed leaves and stunted growth. Unfortunately, there is no cure for viral diseases, so the diseased plant needs to be removed and disposed of properly to prevent further spread of the virus.
Pest Management
Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum (Prantl) Broun may attract several types of pests that could cause damage to the plant. Here are some common pests that may affect this plant:
Scale insects
Scale insects are tiny parasites that attach themselves to the plant and suck out its sap, causing yellowing of the foliage. You may manually remove these pests using an alcohol-soaked cotton swab. You may also apply insecticidal soap to manage these pests.
Aphids
Aphids are another common pest that may infest Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. var. californicum (Prantl) Broun, causing distortion of the leaves and stunted growth. To manage these pests, spray the affected plant parts with a strong jet of water to dislodge the aphids. You may also apply neem oil to prevent further infestation.
Caterpillars
Caterpillars may also affect this plant, nibbling on the foliage and causing holes and tears. To manage these pests, handpick the caterpillars and dispose of them properly. You may also apply Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or spinosad to manage these pests.
