Overview of Nephroma subtomentellum (Nyl.) Gyelnik
Nephroma subtomentellum (Nyl.) Gyelnik is a species of lichen that belongs to the Nephroma genus. The plant is also commonly known as the 'toothed kidney lichen,' and is usually found on tree-dwelling bark and on soil-covered rocks and boulders. Its original distribution is in the montane coniferous forests of western North America. The plant has brownish-gray or olive-green thallus, which are lobed and up to 20 cm wide.
Appearance
The toothed kidney lichen is a fruticose lichen which forms cup-shaped lobes that can resemble a set of lungs or a large kidney in appearance. The thallus has a thin cortex with medullary hyphal bands and a photobiont, which is green algae or cyanobacteria. The color can be variable, from olive-green to brownish-grey, and the lichen often features large, tooth-like structures that protrude from the lobes. The toothed kidney lichen is a slow-growing species, and the old thalli can be recognized by extensive decay.
Uses
The toothed kidney lichen has traditionally been used in folk medicine for a variety of ailments, such as problems with the digestive and urinary systems. Some Native Americans used it as a treatment for lung diseases, while others used it as a love charm. Additionally, the plant has been used in dyes and as a natural remedy for killing head lice. However, due to its slow growth rate, it is not recommended to harvest this lichen as the species has limited availability.
In conclusion, Nephroma subtomentellum (Nyl.) Gyelnik is a slow-growing species of lichen that is commonly found on tree bark and soil-covered rocks in western North America. It is known for its greyish or olive-green lobed thallus with protruding tooth-like structures. Additionally, the toothed kidney lichen has been utilized for centuries by indigenous tribes for medical and other purposes. However, as the species is very slow-growing, it is recommended to avoid harvesting or damaging the plant.Light Requirements
The Nephroma subtomentellum plant prefers to grow in areas with a moderate shade to full shade conditions. The plant can grow very well under tree canopies and shaded areas in the understory. When positioned under direct sunlight, the plant's growth may be stunted and lead to drying of the thallus, reducing its growth rate and possibility of survival.
Temperature Requirements
The plant's growth rate is quicker under cool temperatures (5-7°C) than under warmer temperatures (20-25°C). The Nephroma subtomentellum plant is usually found in high elevation habitats with colder temperatures, such as alpine and subalpine areas, typically found in mountainous regions.
Soil Requirements
The Nephroma subtomentellum plant prefers to grow on soils with moderate moisture levels and good drainage. Moderately acid to neutral substratum with a pH range between 4.5 to 7.5 is ideal for its growth. The plant prefers growing on a non-compact soil surface, such as rock crevices, forest moist litter, and moss coverings. It can also grow on mineral soils, ranging from gravel to clay soils.
Cultivation of Nephroma subtomentellum (Nyl.) Gyelnik
Nephroma subtomentellum, also known as yellow-colored Nephroma, is a hardy lichen that requires specific conditions for optimal growth. To cultivate this plant, you will have to adhere to certain processes and guidelines. First, it is crucial to source a quality plant specimen. This lichen requires optimal growth conditions to thrive.
Watering Needs
Watering Nephroma subtomentellum should be done meticulously. Overwatering could lead to the plant's discoloration, leading to stunted growth. Yellow-colored Nephroma requires consistently moist conditions, with the soil's moisture level being neither too dry nor too wet. To ensure adequate water supply, you should use well-draining soil and water regularly but not to the point of saturation.
Fertilization
In general, lichens do not require fertilization since they source their food from the air and water. Therefore, fertilizers applied to the soil might be detrimental to their growth. To ensure the lichen's optimal growth, keep the cultivation area relatively disease-free and free from chemical pollution. This step guarantees that the lichen only obtains specific tree nutrients for their growth.
Pruning
In general, lichens do not require pruning. They grow naturally and organically. As long as you provide them with adequate growing conditions, they will grow steadily without pruning. However, if this lichen grows on a tree next to other plants and the branches are getting too tall, pruning may be necessary to ensure effective light penetration. Cut off any dead and diseased branches or twigs to stimulate the lichen's growth.
Propagation of Nephroma subtomentellum
Nephroma subtomentellum (Nyl.) Gyelnik is a lichenized fungal species that grows on tree trunks, logs, and rocks in moist and shaded habitats. Propagation of this plant can be done through the following methods:
Soredia Propagation
Nephroma subtomentellum can be propagated by using soredia, which are small clusters of algal cells surrounded by fungal filaments. Soredia are found on the surface of the thallus and can be detached easily. To propagate the plant using soredia, one has to sprinkle them onto the substrate, such as a moistened piece of wood or bark. Ensure that there is enough humidity and light to promote the growth of the soredia.
Vegetative Propagation
Another way of propagating Nephroma subtomentellum is through vegetative propagation. This method involves the division of the thallus into smaller fragments. To do this, one has to identify the parts of the thallus that have adventitious buds or are actively growing and divide them using a sharp and sterile blade. The fragments are then placed onto their substrate and misted regularly until they establish themselves.
Conclusion
Propagating Nephroma subtomentellum can be achieved through soredia and vegetative propagation. Both methods require enough moisture and light to promote the growth of the plant. If done correctly, propagation of this plant can lead to the proliferation of its population and the restoration of its habitat.
Disease and Pest Management of Nephroma subtomentellum
Nephroma subtomentellum is a lichen that grows on rocks and tree bark in cold regions. Although it is generally resistant to pests and diseases, some problems may occur.
Common Diseases
The most common diseases for Nephroma subtomentellum include fungal infections caused by saprophytic or parasitic fungi. These parasites attack the thalli, causing leaf spots or more widespread discoloration. One of the most common species that causes such infections is Phytophthora spp. Other common fungal infections include Athelia arachnoidea and Xylaria spp. Lesions resulting from these infections may cause the lichen thalli to become discolored and remain unviable.
Pest Management
The most common pests for Nephroma subtomentellum include snails, slugs, and aphids. Snails and slugs may graze on the lichen thalli, leaving visibly damaged patches of tissue or dropping out of the thalli structure. In contrast, aphids infestations can cause yellowing or dieback of leaves and stems. Hand picking of snails and slugs, the use of copper barriers, and the removal of aphid-infested parts are recommended. However, the pest management of Nephroma subtomentellum needs further investigation.
Disease Management
We can manage lichen's fungal diseases by maximizing the lichen's healthy growth by removing any other nearby competitors or stress-causing agents. We can also choose the most suitable site for cultivation that provides adequate temperature and humidity. If infections occur, pruner injuries or any physically damaged thalli should be removed immediately. For serious infections, a fungicide can be applied to the affected tissue.
Overall, Nephroma subtomentellum infection and pest infestation are treatable with a combination of thorough maintenance, good sanitation, and cautious planting in addition to appropriate management practices. If disease or pest problems persist, consult with a local plant pathologist or agronomist for a precise diagnosis and management recommendations.
