Overview of Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban is a species of flowering tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family. It is a slow-growing tree native to the Caribbean and Central America, specifically in the countries of Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.
Common Names of Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban is known by several common names such as Quina, Quina Real, Quino, Quina Sabanera, Balsam Tree, and Tolu Tree. The name "Quina" is derived from the Spanish word "quina," which means "bark of a tree" and is a reference to the medicinal properties of the tree's bark.
Appearance of Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban
The Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban tree typically grows to a height of 20-25 meters tall with a trunk diameter of up to 60 centimeters. The tree has a straight and cylindrical trunk with a dense, narrow crown and a pyramidal shape. The leaves are pinnate and consist of five to six leaflets. The tree produces small, fragrant flowers, which are followed by seed pods that contain one or two seeds.
Uses of Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban has been traditionally used by indigenous communities for medicine, religious ceremonies, and in woodworking. The tree's bark contains medicinal properties that have been used to treat a variety of ailments, including malaria, dysentery, and respiratory problems. In woodworking, the tree's durable and attractive timber is used for furniture, cabinetry, and veneer. Additionally, the tree's resin is used to make "Balsam of Peru," which is used in perfumes, creams, and ointments.
Light Requirements
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban requires full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. It can tolerate some shade but may not flourish as well as it would in full sun. Therefore, it is recommended to position the plant in an area with bright and indirect sunlight.
Temperature Requirements
The plant can grow in a range of temperatures between 18°C to 27°C (65°F to 80°F), with an ideal temperature range of 21 to 24°C (70 to 75°F). It is essential to keep the temperature stable as large fluctuations can affect growth and development.
Soil Requirements
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban prefers well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. It thrives in slightly acidic to neutral soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. The ideal soil type is sandy loam, which allows for proper drainage and root growth. The plant can suffer from root rot in poorly draining soil, so it is crucial to ensure the soil is well-draining.
Cultivation methods for Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban, also known as Peruvian balsam, is commonly grown for its essential oil and medicinal properties. Cultivating this plant is relatively easy, and the following methods should be used for better growth.
1. Soil requirements - The plant prefers well-drained, moist soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0. The soil should be rich in organic matter and should not be heavily compacted.
2. Sunlight requirements – Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban thrives in full sunlight. However, ensure to protect it from direct sunlight during extreme heat.
3. Propagation methods – This plant can be propagated via seed or cuttings from relatively mature plants. Transplanting the seedlings to the outdoor site should be done when they reach a height of about 10-15cm.
Watering Needs for Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban
Water is a vital component in the growth of all plants. The following watering practices are essential for the growth and development of Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban:
1. Water frequency - Water the plant thoroughly once every week, and adjust the frequency according to environmental conditions.
2. Water requirements – Ensure proper drainage after watering as the roots eventually rot when left waterlogged. However, the plant requires adequate water to thrive and produce quality balsam.
Fertilization
Appropriate fertilization practice promotes plant growth and health. For Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban, use a nitrogen-rich fertilizer every two weeks during the growing season.
1. Organic fertilizers- Organic fertilizers are the best for feeding Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban as they supply essential nutrients that make the plant healthy.
2. Direct application – Apply the fertilizer directly to the soil as the nutrients are tasked by the plant for maximum growth.
Pruning Methods
Pruning is crucial in ensuring that Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban plant grows well and develops a healthy canopy. The following practices should be used:
1. Pruning timing – The best time to prune Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban is in late winter or early spring before new growth begins.
2. Pruning cuts – Perform the pruning cuts about half-inch from the base of the branch. This encourages new shoot growth and branching at the canopy.
3. Removing dead or damaged branches – Use a sharp cutting tool to remove any damaged or dead branches to promote healthy growth.
Propagation of Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban, commonly known as Balsamo or Tolu balsam, can be propagated through various methods.
Seed propagation
Seeds for Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban can be collected from ripe fruits in the months of February to May. The seeds should be soaked in water for 24 hours before sowing. The seeds should then be sown in polybags filled with a mixture of soil and compost. The seedlings should be watered regularly and kept in a shaded area until they are ready to be transplanted.
Cuttings propagation
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban can also be propagated through stem cuttings. Cuttings of about 15-20 cm in length should be collected from healthy and disease-free plants during the months of May to July. The leaves should be removed from the lower end of the cutting, and the cutting should be treated with a rooting hormone before being planted in polybags filled with a mixture of sand and compost. The cuttings should be kept in a shaded and humid area until they develop roots.
Air layering propagation
Air layering is another method that can be used for propagating Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban. This method involves creating a small wound on a branch and applying a rooting hormone to the area. The area is then wrapped with a moist sphagnum moss or coconut coir. The wound should be kept moist, and roots are expected to develop within four to six weeks. Once the roots are developed, the rooted section should be cut and planted in a pot filled with a mixture of soil and compost.
Disease and Pest Management for Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban
Myroxylon pachyphyllum Krug & Urban, commonly known as Balsam, is a tree species native to Central and South America. It is an economically important species due to its resin, which is used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, the plant is susceptible to various diseases and pests that can cause significant damage. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect the plant and suggested ways to manage them:
Diseases
1. Leaf spot
Leaf spot is a common fungal disease that affects many plants, including Myroxylon pachyphyllum. The symptoms include small, circular spots on the leaves that may be brown, gray, or black. To manage the disease, it is recommended to remove and destroy the affected leaves. Fungicides can also be applied to prevent further infection.
2. Powdery mildew
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that appears as powdery white or gray spots on the leaves, stems, and flowers. To manage the disease, it is recommended to improve air circulation around the plant and avoid overhead watering. Fungicides can also be applied to prevent further infection.
3. Anthracnose
Anthracnose is a fungal disease that causes small, sunken spots on the leaves and stems that may expand and merge together. To manage the disease, it is recommended to remove and destroy the affected parts of the plant. Fungicides can also be applied to prevent further infection.
Pests
1. Scale insects
Scale insects are small, oval-shaped pests that attach themselves to the stems and leaves of the plant and suck plant sap. The symptoms include yellowing and wilting of the leaves. To manage the pests, it is recommended to physically remove them using a soft-bristled brush or cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol.
2. Spider mites
Spider mites are tiny pests that live on the undersides of leaves and feed on plant sap. The symptoms include yellowing and stippling of the leaves. To manage the pests, it is recommended to regularly spray the plant with water to increase humidity and use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
3. Mealybugs
Mealybugs are small, white, cottony pests that feed on the plant sap and secrete honeydew, attracting ants. The symptoms include stunted growth and yellowing of the leaves. To manage the pests, it is recommended to physically remove them using a soft-bristled brush or cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol. In severe cases, systemic insecticides can be used.
Regular monitoring of the plant for signs of disease or pests and prompt action can help keep Myroxylon pachyphyllum healthy and productive.
