Origin
Mirabilis expansa, also known as Andean root vegetable, is a plant species native to the Andean region of South America, particularly in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. It has been cultivated for over 2000 years by the indigenous people in the region.
Common Names
Aside from Andean root vegetable, Mirabilis expansa is also called mashua, añu, anu, huauzontle, and cubio in different regions of South America.
Uses
Historically, the tubers of Mirabilis expansa have been an important staple food of the Andean people. They are usually harvested during the dry season and can be eaten raw or cooked. When cooked, they have a sweet and nutty flavor, like a combination of sweet potato and peanut.
Aside from being a food source, the tubers of Mirabilis expansa have been traditionally used for medicinal purposes, such as treating digestive problems, skin infections, and respiratory diseases. It is also believed to have aphrodisiac effects.
General Appearance
Mirabilis expansa is a perennial plant that can grow up to 2 meters tall. It has heart-shaped leaves that are green on top and purple underneath. The plant produces clusters of small, trumpet-shaped flowers that can be yellow, orange, pink, or white in color. The tubers of the plant are usually elongated, with a thin skin and a range of colors, including white, yellow, purple, and red.
Light Requirements
Mirabilis expansa requires full sunlight to thrive. The plant is well adapted to grow in regions where there is intense solar radiation. Full exposure to the sun ensures that the plant can perform photosynthesis effectively, which is crucial for its growth and development. However, in areas with high temperatures, the plant may require partial shading to prevent it from dying.
Temperature Requirements
The plant grows well in regions with an average temperature range of 15°C to 20°C. However, it can tolerate temperatures as low as 5°C and as high as 35°C. The optimal temperature range for the plant's growth is between 20°C to 25°C. Low temperatures may slow down the growth rate, while high temperatures may lead to wilting and the death of the plant.
Soil Requirements
Mirabilis expansa is not very demanding when it comes to soil quality. The plant can grow in a wide range of soils, including sandy, clayey, loamy, and even marginal soils. However, the plant prefers well-drained soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. In regions with heavy rains, it is advisable to plant the Mirabilis expansa in raised beds or on ridges to improve drainage.
Cultivation Methods
Mirabilis expansa, also known as Andean tuberous root or Mashua, is a tuberous plant that belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae. It is native to the Andean region of South America and is widely grown for its edible tubers and leaves. The plant can be grown both in the ground or in containers, and it requires moist, well-drained soil with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5.
Planting can be done in the early spring or late fall. The seeds can be sown directly into the soil or started indoors and transplanted once the seedlings have grown to a suitable size.
Watering Needs
Mirabilis expansa requires consistent moisture to grow well. The plant should be watered regularly, ensuring that the soil stays moist but not waterlogged. In the summer months, the plant may require more frequent watering as the weather is typically drier. However, during the winter months, it's important to reduce watering to avoid waterlogged soil, which can lead to root rot.
Fertilization
Fertilization is essential for healthy growth and good yields of tubers and leaves. The plant requires a balanced fertilizer with a composition of 10-10-10, applied every four to six weeks during the growing season. Alternatively, organic fertilizers such as compost, manure, or fish emulsion can be used. These should be applied to the soil surface and then worked into the soil to avoid burning the plant.
Pruning
Pruning is not a critical aspect of Mirabilis expansa cultivation, but it can be done to remove any damaged or diseased leaves and stems. This will help to boost plant health and reduce the risk of pest infestations. Additionally, deadheading can be done to remove old flowers, which will encourage the plant to produce more blooms. Any pruning should be carried out during the growing season, and the garden tools used should be sterilized to prevent the spread of disease.
Propagation of Mirabilis Expansa
Mirabilis expansa, also known as mashua or añu in Quechua language, is a tuberous plant that is native to the Andean region of South America. It is grown for its edible tubers and leaves and is a valuable crop in many regions.
Seed Propagation
The easiest way to propagate mashua is through seeds. The plant produces small, black seeds that can be collected when the seed pods dry out and turn brown. Seeds can be sown directly into the soil in spring or started in pots indoors.
To start the seeds indoors, fill small pots with seedling mix and press one or two seeds into the soil. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil and keep them moist. Place the pots in a warm, bright area and the seedlings should emerge within ten to fifteen days. Once the seedlings have grown three to four leaves, they can be transplanted into the garden.
Tuber Propagation
Mashua can also be propagated through its tubers, which are similar to potato tubers. Simply plant the tubers in well-draining soil in the spring, and they will sprout new shoots as the soil warms up. This method is usually more reliable than seed propagation and results in faster growth and larger harvests.
To double your yield, cut large tubers into smaller pieces (about the size of a thumb), making sure each piece has at least one or two 'eyes' or buds. Allow the cut edges to dry out for a day or two before planting. The cuttings can be planted directly in the soil, as long as the soil is well-draining and nutrient-rich.
Leaf Cuttings
Mashua can be propagated using leaf cuttings, although it is a less reliable method. Simply cut off a healthy leaf from a mature plant and dip the cut end in rooting hormone. Plant the cutting into moist, well-draining soil, and keep it warm and humid. With the right conditions, the cutting will sprout roots and eventually grow into a new plant.
Overall, mashua is an easy plant to propagate, and it can be grown from seeds, cuttings, or tubers. With proper care and attention, you can enjoy the benefits of this unique and delicious crop for years to come.
Disease and Pest Management for Mirabilis Expansa (Ruiz & Pavon) Standley
Mirabilis expansa is a perennial plant commonly known as the mashua. As any other plant, it is susceptible to various pests and diseases. Here are some of the common diseases and pests that affect the mashua and ways to manage them.
Diseases
1. Powdery mildew: Powdery mildew appears as powdery or fluffy growth on the surface of leaves. It is caused by a fungus and thrives in humid conditions. To manage this, make sure to avoid watering the foliage, improve air circulation, and remove infected leaves.
2. Fusarium Wilt: Fusarium Wilt is caused by a soil-borne fungus that attacks the roots and stems of the plant, causing the plant to wilt and die. To manage it, remove infected plants and avoid using infected soil to grow new plants. It is advisable to use fungicide-treated seeds to plant.
3. Leaf Spot: Leaf spot appears as small, circular or irregular dark spots on the leaves. It is caused by a fungus and can cause defoliation in severe cases. To manage it, remove infected leaves, improve air circulation, and avoid wetting the foliage while watering.
Pests
1. Aphids: Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on the sap of the plant, causing a reduction in plant growth. To manage them, use insecticidal soap or neem oil to spray the plant and remove heavily infested leaves.
2. Spider Mites: Spider mites are tiny, red mites that suck the sap from leaves, causing wilting. To manage them, spray the plant with water to improve humidity and use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
3. Whiteflies: Whiteflies are small, white insects that suck the sap from the plant and cause yellowing and wilting of the leaves. To manage them, use sticky traps or insecticidal soap and prune heavily infested parts.
Overall, the best way to manage pests and diseases in Mirabilis expansa is by practicing good cultural and environmental practices such as maintaining cleanliness, avoid overcrowding, and maintaining good air circulation. Prompt identification and management of any issues is vital for maintaining a healthy plant.
