Origin and Common Names
Microthelia aterrima is a fascinating lichen species found in the boreal and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is commonly known as "black-headed nail lichen" due to its small, black, round, and shiny apothecia that resemble nail heads. It is also known as "black wart lichen" due to the black, wart-like bumps on its surface.
Appearance
Microthelia aterrima forms small, crust-like colonies that range from 2-20mm in diameter. It has a black, rough, and wart-like upper surface, and a smooth, pale-colored lower surface that is attached to its substrate. The apothecia are black, shiny, and rounded, measuring 0.2-0.5mm in diameter. Its thallus is composed of small, granular, and sorediate lobes that resemble miniature coral formations.
Uses
Microthelia aterrima and its closely related species are of particular interest to researchers studying the medicinal compounds present in lichens. Extracts from these lichens have shown potential in treating several diseases such as cancer, HIV, and bacterial infections. They are also used by some indigenous communities in North America for various purposes such as dyeing, ritual, and medicine.
Additionally, the presence of Microthelia aterrima on trees and rocks helps to indicate a healthy ecosystem. Since lichens are sensitive to changes in their environment, they can provide valuable information about air quality, climate, and ecological health.
Light Requirements
Microthelia aterrima typically requires bright but indirect light. Direct sunlight should be avoided, as it can scorch the delicate leaves. Plants should be placed near a window or under a grow light that provides adequate brightness without causing damage to the plant.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for Microthelia aterrima is between 65 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit (18 to 24 degrees Celsius). The plant should not be placed in areas that experience temperature extremes, such as near drafts or heating and cooling vents. Consistent temperatures are important for maintaining the health and growth of this plant.
Soil Requirements
Microthelia aterrima prefers well-draining soil. A mixture of peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite is ideal. The soil should be kept consistently moist but not waterlogged. It is essential to avoid letting the plant sit in standing water, which can lead to root rot and eventually kill the plant.
Cultivation Method for Microthelia aterrima
Microthelia aterrima is a delightful plant that can be cultivated indoors. The plant is best grown in a hanging basket or container, as it is a trailing plant. Use a well-draining soil mixture that is rich in organic matter. The container must be placed in a spot that receives bright, indirect sunlight. Avoid direct sunlight, as it can damage the foliage.
Watering Needs for Microthelia aterrima
Microthelia aterrima requires moderate watering. Water the plant generously when the soil is dry to the touch. Never let the soil get too dry or too wet, as both can harm the plant. Make sure the pot has sufficient drainage holes to avoid overwatering.
Fertilization for Microthelia aterrima
Microthelia aterrima is a light feeder and should be fertilized sparingly. Fertilize once a month with a weak solution of balanced liquid fertilizer during the growing season. Avoid fertilizing during the winter months.
Pruning Microthelia aterrima
Pruning Microthelia aterrima is not mandatory, but it is recommended for maintaining its shape and promoting bushier growth. Prune the trailing stems to the desired length by cutting just above a leaf node with a clean, sharp pair of scissors. Remove any yellowing or diseased leaves as soon as possible.
Propagation of Microthelia aterrima
Microthelia aterrima is typically propagated through the means of sowing spores or dividing clumps of the plant. Here are some detailed descriptions of each propagation method:
Sowing spores
Propagation through spores involves collecting mature spores from the underside of the fronds and sowing them on a suitable growing medium. The medium should be kept moist, but not too wet as this can lead to fungal growth. The spores will germinate into small, individual gametophytes that will then grow into mature fern plants over time.
Dividing clumps
Mature clumps of Microthelia aterrima can be divided to produce new individual plants. This can be done by carefully digging up the clump and separating the rhizomes into smaller portions, each with a few fronds attached. These smaller portions can then be potted individually and cared for until they grow into mature plants.
Both of these propagation methods can be effective for producing new plants of Microthelia aterrima. However, care should be taken to ensure proper growing conditions and hygiene practices to prevent the spread of disease or pests during the propagation process.
Disease Management for Microthelia aterrima
Microthelia aterrima is generally considered to be a relatively disease-resistant plant, but there are a few diseases that can affect it.
One of the most common diseases to affect Microthelia aterrima is leaf spot. This disease is caused by various fungi and can cause brown to black spots on the leaves of the plant. To manage this disease, it is important to remove any infected leaves as soon as possible and dispose of them in the garbage (not in the compost pile). In severe cases, fungicides may be necessary.
Powdery mildew is another disease that can affect Microthelia aterrima. This disease appears as a white powdery coating on the leaves. To manage this disease, it is important to prune the plant to promote good air circulation and avoid overhead watering. In severe cases, fungicides may be necessary.
Pest Management for Microthelia aterrima
Several pests can affect Microthelia aterrima, including spider mites and mealybugs.
Spider mites are tiny pests that are difficult to see with the naked eye. They suck the sap out of the leaves and can cause yellowing, bronzing, and distortion of the foliage. To manage spider mites, it is important to watch for any signs of infestation and remove any heavily infested leaves. Regularly spraying the plant with water can also help keep spider mites at bay.
Mealybugs are another pest that can affect Microthelia aterrima. They appear as small, white, fluffy insects on the leaves and stems of the plant. They suck the sap out of the leaves and can cause distortion and stunting of growth. To manage mealybugs, it is important to remove any infected leaves as soon as possible and dispose of them in the garbage (not in the compost pile). In severe cases, insecticides may be necessary.
